Hamdi Abdi

  Renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic arrays and fuel cells play a crucial role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels and promoting environmental sustainability. Since these sources typically generate low-level DC voltage and have limited power capacity, voltage step-up is essential for their efficient integration into power grids or industrial systems. The inherently low output voltage poses significant challenges for direct load or grid connection, making high-efficiency DC-DC converters a vital component in power-conversion systems. Achieving high efficiency in DC-DC power converters has therefore become a critical criterion in practical applications.In this context, this paper introduces a dual-switch ultra-step- up converter derived from a quadratic boost structure. The proposed design integrates two cascaded boost stages, a coupled inductor, a voltage-multiplier circuit, and a switched capacitor, enabling a high voltage gain without the need for a transformer or a large turns ratio. Furthermore, the current-sharing approach through parallel diode paths significantly reduces diode losses and improves overall efficiency. Key features of the converter include reduced voltage stress on the switches, low input- current ripple, minimized diode and switch losses, simple control due to synchronous switch operation, and a common ground configuration.In addition, the proposed converter is compared with similar coupled-inductor-based converters reported in the past four years in terms of semiconductor stress, voltage gain, input-current ripple, and efficiency, demonstrating its superior performance. Finally, experimental validation on a 200-W prototype with a 24-V input and 400-V output confirms the high efficiency and outstanding performance of the proposed converter.

In this thesis, a novel artificial intelligence-based method is proposed for fast and accurate fault detection in three-phase three-level inverters. This approach analyzes current and voltage signals, extracts key features, and employs machine learning algorithms such as Random Forest and SVM to learn the system’s behavior under both normal and faulty conditions, enabling effective fault identification. To evaluate performance, simulations were carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, and the resulting data were used for training and testing the model. The results indicate that the SVM model outperforms the other models used in this study in terms of speed. It is noteworthy that, in addition to achieving high accuracy, the proposed method also demonstrates good generalization capability, which enhances system reliability and reduces maintenance costs in power systems. Furthermore, the method can be further improved in the future through the integration of deep learning and reinforcement learning algorithms.   

Direct current (DC) microgrids have recently attracted more attention from researchers due to their advantages over alternating current (AC) microgrids, such as the absence of transmission losses related to reactive power flow, the absence of harmonic currents, and the simple integration of resources with DC loads. However, the constant exchange of information in the secondary control layer in the cyber environment for voltage recovery and optimal resource management has presented these microgrids with challenges such as high communication costs, the need for high communication bandwidth, and cyber threats. Denial of service (DoS) attacks and false data injection (FDI) attacks are dangerous examples of these threats that can lead the system to instability and even collapse. DoS attacks have extremely destructive effects on the system by temporarily or permanently disrupting access to critical system information. On the other hand, FDI attacks can secretly and noticeably cause harmful disturbances in the system by injecting false data into the transmitted information. In this study, an edge-based event-triggered control structure is proposed as a suitable and optimal alternative for permanent information exchange in second-layer distributed control, which is able to ignore DoS attacks. Based on this structure, information exchange between units occurs only when the sending conditions are met. Also, a decentralized approach based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network is introduced to detect FDI attacks. The advantages of this approach include high flexibility, reduced information transmission in the cyber environment, reduced complex calculations, and increased information security. Also, a threshold for an FDI attack is determined so that mitigation operations are performed only when the attack occurs. A microgrid consisting of three generating units and a DC voltage bus is simulated under different scenarios to investigate the effectiveness of this study. The results obtained show that the event-triggered (ET) structure is resistant to DoS attacks and the proposed approach is able to detect FDI attacks with high accuracy in the presence of DoS attacks and in the ET communication structure and mitigate its effects. Keywords: Direct Current Microgrids, Denial of Service Attacks, False Data Injection Attacks, Edge-based Event-triggered, Distributed Control, Multilayer Perceptron Neural network

  Modern power systems rely on advanced technologies and communication networks that enable efficient monitoring, control, and operation of physical equipment. These tools offer diverse services in terms of functionality and enhanced reliability; however, their increasing use has led to a rise in vulnerabilities and cyberattacks. Such vulnerabilities have serious consequences, including blackouts and detrimental effects on electrical infrastructure. Therefore, developing effective models for identifying and classifying adverse events in power systems for the prompt issuance of control commands is of great importance. In this context, cyberattacks on SCADA systems, which are widely used for monitoring large production systems and modern power networks, have become a significant challenge. These systems are particularly vulnerable to various cyberattacks due to their unique features, including remote communications and management of critical infrastructure. Detecting these attacks using traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) is challenging due to the complexity and diversity of threats, highlighting the need for innovative and effective methods for accurate identification of these attacks. In this regard, a two-stage feature selection method utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the War Strategy Optimization (WSO) algorithm, along with a Feedforward Neural Network (FFNN), has been proposed. In this method, the number of layers and the number of neurons in each layer of the FFNN are optimally determined by the WSO algorithm. This approach is designed for the precise identification of malicious attacks. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated using laboratory SCADA system data, and the results demonstrate satisfactory effectiveness in detecting cyberattacks. This research can significantly enhance the resilience and safety of SCADA systems against cyber threats and serve as an effective solution for managing and mitigating risks arising from cyberattacks on critical infrastructure.

Abstract The islanding of interconnected power systems, which is also known as the isolation and breaking of power systems, is the last defense method to deal with the collapse of the system and prevent the occurrence of catastrophic events in the power network, which as a widespread control method is a comprehensive decision problem with There are many details and it is presented as an important part of corrective control strategies. After the occurrence of a major disturbance in a power system, if there is no suitable solution plan and model in time, this disturbance may lead to the total collapse of the system. Islandization of power systems means determining the correct points of isolation of the integrated system into a number of smaller islands if maintaining the integrity of the system is not possible. The aim of this thesis is to provide a method to predict the appropriate time for applying controlled islanding in the network by means of indicators based on the relationships between the generator harmonic groups. The defined indicators can predict the weakening of security and fragility of the network in the context of the dynamic behavior of the system and as a result the islanding of the network with high speed and accuracy and in a timely manner. The IEEE 39 bus network has been used to obtain the critical limit of the introduced indicators in a timely manner and to predict the appropriate time for islanding in a timely manner. The results obtained from the dynamic simulation indicate that the controlled islanding at the right time can prevent the occurrence of consecutive incidents, global blackouts and crises in the network.   

در اين مطالعه هدف مدلسازي اثرات سختي لايه خاك ماسه اي شيب دار بر رفتار تغييرشكلي شيب و پي سطحي مجاور شيب است. سختي ارتجاعي خاك كه متناظر با تغييرات سرعت موج برشي و موج فشاري مصالح ماسه اي است در تحليل هاي عددي پارامتري مختلف منظور شده است. در اين پژوهش، حدود 10 مدل عددي با تغيير سختي ارتجاعي خاك ماسه اي كه معادل چهار نوع زمين مندرج در آيين نامه زلزله 2800 است گسترش داده شده است. مدل هاي عددي در قالب كرنش مسطح و در برنامه نرم افزاري تجاري-تحقيقاتي PLAXIS 2D ايجاد شده اند. ركورد زلزله نزديك-گسل شامل مولفه افقي طولي زلزله ازگله-سرپل ذهاب در ايستگاه لرزه نگاري شهر سرپل ذهاب به عنوان تحريك لرزه اي ورودي مدل هاي عددي منظور شده است. با مقايسه نتايج نسبت تنش هاي برشي دو نمودار خروجي كه اختلاف مدول ارتجاعي آنها 63/15 برابر است، نتيجه مي شود كه با افزايش ميزان سختي ارتجاعي مدل عددي، از ميزان تجمع و تمركز تنش هاي برشي نسبي زير پي در ناحيه گوه گسيختگي پي سطحي، كاسته مي شود و به توزيع تنش هاي برشي بخش ناپايدار شيب و قوس لغزش شيب افزوده مي شود. با افزايش مقادير سختي خاك، تغيير محل تنش هاي برشي تا آنجا پيش مي رود كه مقدار زيادي از تنش زير پي كاسته مي شود و علت آن نيز اثر همزمان وجود سربار استاتيكي (100 كيلوپاسكالي) روي پي سطحي (بار معادل ساختمان يا سازه) و سخت شدن ناشي از بارگذاري ديناميكي و وقوع كرنش هاي برشي سيكلي در مصالح ماسه اي است.   از طرفي، با مقايسه پاسخ جابه جايي جانبي براي نقاط چهارگانه در مدل با سختي ارتجاعي E=500MPa و در مدل با سختي ارتجاعي E=1000MPa، بازهم رفتار كلي مدل عددي، شاهد كاهش جابه جايي هاي نقطه C در بالادست تاج شيب است. در واقع نكته قابل برداشت از اين نتايج آن است، كه جابه جايي هاي لرزه اي جانبي شيب بيشتر از آن كه با افزايش سختي مصالح، كاهش پيدا كند، به طور غالب تحت تاثير دوري يا نزديكي نقاط به تاج شيب و قسمت شيب دار است. به گونه اي كه هر چه قدر نقاط مورد بررسي از تاج شيب فاصله بيشتري داشته باشند، بيشتر هم تحت تاثير افزايش سختي مصالح ماسه اي خشك قرار مي گيرند و از جابه جايي هاي لرزه اي وقوع يافته در آنها (به مقدار بيشتري) كاسته مي شود و هر چه قدر به تاج شيب و قسمت شيب دار نزديك تر باشند، تحت تاثير ناپايداري ذاتي هندسي شيب قرار مي گيرند و افزايش دو يا چند برابري سختي مصالح كمتر از موضوع اوليه ناپايداري شكل-هندسي شيب (در اثر رخداد بارگذاري لرزه اي جانبي) آنها را تحت تاثير قرار مي دهد. البته خاطرنشان مي گردد كه نكته مهم در خصوص تغيير سختي لايه خاك ماسه اي در حين بارگذاري هاي لرزه اي آنست كه با تغييرات سختي لايه خاك ماسه اي خشك در شيب، فركانس طبيعي ارتعاش آن نيز كه تاثير مستقيم بر بزرگنمايي يا تضعيف دامنه پاسخ هاي شتاب لرزه اي ناشي از امواج لرزه اي دارد، تغيير مي كند. به همين دليل است كه در زمان هاي آغاز و نزديك به پايان بارگذاري لرزه اي، اغلب مدل هاي عددي مختلف پاسخ هاي بزرگنمايي مختلفي بدست داده اند.   

Nowadays, in order to improve the features and flexibility of DC microgrids, energy storage systems, generation sources, and various loads are connected to each other through bidirectional isolated DC-DC converters for better integration and power exchange between the buses. The Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter, which is considered an engineering masterpiece among isolated converters, has attracted significant attention due to its numerous advantages such as bidirectional operation, high voltage capability, galvanic isolation, buck-boost functionality, and high efficiency resulting from soft switching. In recent years, the performance of this converter has improved based on different control modulations, including traditional methods such as Single-Phase Shift (  ) and Extended Phase Shift (EPS), which researchers have studied Conventional approaches for modeling these types of converters pose significant challenges and difficulties. DAB converter modulation is an interesting part of ??research, as traditional modulations have significant limitations such as restricted switching regions. Therefore, to overcome these limitations, dual phase shift (DPS) and hybrid phase shift (HPS) modulations have been introduced. Furthermore, another aspect of the efficiency of the DAB converter lies in its ability to connect to various systems, including energy storage devices In explaining the mentioned modulations, operational waveforms are first analyzed for different switching conditions, followed by a control strategy for achieving the desired power transfer. In this thesis, after studying the details of the previous phase shift modulations and presenting new modeling techniques and closed-loop control for the converter, the design process has been thoroughly analyzed in the software environment (Matlab/Simulink). Also, the specifications, design of parameters and the equivalent circuit of the DAB converter have been completely described and different scenarios have been performed in the simulation and obtaining its results. The comparison of the modulations in terms of efficiency, common mode voltages, and zero voltage switching area confirms the accuracy and correctness of the theoretical contents. The simulation results show the success of the control modulations in power transmission operations by the DAB converter. As a result, the DAB converter has a suitable performance for placement in the DC microgrid simulator system. Keywords: Dual Active Bridge (DAB), Phase Shift Modulation, DC Microgrid, Energy Storage Systems, Closed Loop Control,   , EPS, DPS, HPS.   

In independent microgrids located in remote areas, the development of reliable and self-sufficient renewable energy systems is one of the major challenges of operating power systems due to the lack of connection with the national power grid. One of the best future options for increasing the use of renewable energies in grid-independent systems is the use of energy storage systems. In this thesis, an optimization model is proposed to determine the most cost-effective combination of renewable energy capacity using the war strategy optimization algorithm in a grid-independent microgrid supported by battery energy storage technology. The problem of energy management has been formulated using linear programming and the proposed algorithm has taken into account the limitations of exploitation, technical and land use. Also, the hourly effects of the region's weather and load demand, along with the installation price, have been evaluated. The simulation results for the diesel-based microgrid, which is a benchmark, and the renewable microgrid based on LCOE (levelized cost of electricity), have been compared and analyzed. In addition, sensitivity analysis is also presented to investigate the effect of variables on LCOE and PC (present cost) of the system. According to the tests and the obtained results, the lowest amount of PC is related to the scenario that has both a reduction in storage costs and a reduction in demand for consumption, which is 2113200 (€). Also, the results in this section show that the renewable microgrid has a higher LCOE (from 0.39 to 0.48 (€/kWh)) than the diesel-based approach (from 0.21 to 0.48 (€/kWh) is watt hours.   

   As we know, the structure of electricity networks around the world is changing and evolving. So that distributed production in the form of micro-grid (MG) is expanding. Normally, an MG consists of several scattered production sources, and energy storage systems (batteries) are used for continuity of energy production in new MGs. In such networks, determining the charging and discharging time of the batteries requires having sufficient information about the state of energy production and consumption or the size of the MG bus voltage. Normally, sensors are used in MGs to get information about the above-mentioned things. Using a sensor in any system reduces its reliability. Because there is a possibility of failure in the sensors. For this purpose, the use of sensorless methods to estimate the MG bus voltage creates better conditions in creating more confidence in the MG's reliable performance. Therefore, in this research, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is proposed for MG modeling. Because A   have shown to be capable of modeling non-linear systems. It should be noted that the MG under study in this work consists of a distributed production unit (solar energy) and an energy storage system unit (batteries). In this way, three ANN models have been created to estimate MG bus voltage. So that the first model estimates the output voltage of the photovoltaic array, the second model estimates the current of the storage system, and the third model estimates the MG bus voltage. To evaluate the performance of the created models, the mean square error (MSE) of each model has been calculated. The test results show that the error of the proposed models is very low and close to zero, which means that the models can predict the output with high accuracy. Finally, it should be said that the accuracy of the first model that estimates the voltage of the photovoltaic array is higher than the other two models.

   ريز شبكه يك شبكه محلي كوچك است كه   از چندين منابع توليد پراكنده و بار تشكيل شده است . از قابليت هاي ريز شبكه قابل كنترل بودن و تامين كننده توان الكتريكي مي باشد و به صورت اتصال به شبكه يا جدا از شبكه مورد استفاده قرار مي گيرد كه از مزايا ي اصلي آن افزايش كيفيت برق و قابليت اطمينان براي مصرف كنندگان مي باشد.يكي از مسائل مهمي كه در ريز شبكه ها از اهميت بالايي برخوردار است كيفيت ولتاژ به دليل افزايش بارهاي تكفاز كه از بارهاي نامتعادل هستند ميباشد.از عواملي كه در كيفيت ولتاژ متاثر است نامتعادلي ولتاژ مي باشد كه عوامل مختلف و متعددي دارد. دربخش اول اين پايان نامه عوامل ايجاد نامتعادلي ولتاژ و اثرات آن بر تجهيزات ريزشبكه شناسايي شده سپس به منظور بررسي ميزان نامتعادلي ولتاژ،استاندارد هاي پركاربرد وتعاريف متعددي از شاخص هاي نامتعادلي ولتاژ مورد توجه قرار مي گيرد.طرح پيشنهادي دراين پايان نامه به متعادل سازي ولتاژ وتحليل ريزشبكه هاي مبتني بر اينورتر مي پردازد.طرح كنترلي استفاده شده به منظور جبران سازي نامتعادلي ولتاژ ناشي از بارنامتعادل ،كنترل افتي مبتني بر فيلتر چند متغيره بهينه شده بوده كه مولفه ي مثبت ومنفي جريان را براي منابع ولتاژ مبتني بر اينورتر به هنگام بروز نامتعادلي در ريزشبكه استخراج مي كند. هدف اين طرح در واقع بهبود عملكرد سيستم كنترل افتي به عنوان قلب سيستم كنترل ريزشبكه جزيره اي تحت شرايط نامتعادلي ولتاژ مي باشد. بدين منظور فيلتر چند متغيره بهينه شده توسط الگوريتم هاي فراابتكاري بر روي سيستم كنترل افتي پياده سازي مي شود تا بتواند مولفه هاي مثبت و منفي حاصل از وجود نامتعادلي را به خوبي شناسايي و جدا سازي كند . با پياده سازي اين سيستم مي توان نوسانات ناشي از نامتعادلي ولتاژ را تا حد زيادي كاهش داد و پايداري سيستم را بهبود بخشيد. اين شبكه به منظور بررسي عملكرد سيستم كنترلي ارائه شده آن با وجود بار نامتعادل در فضاي سيمولينك نرم افزار متلب شبيه سازي شده است. در بخش دوم اين پايان نامه هارمونيك به عنوان مسئله اصلي كه بر كيفيت توان تأثير مي گذارد،مورد توجه قرار مي گيرد و طرح پيشنهادي به آشكارسازي هارمونيك مي پردازد.اين طرح كنترلي كوپل هاي نوساني ايجاد شده بين اجزاي هارمونيك را حذف ميكند.هدف اين طرح بهبودعملكرد كنترل كننده جريان و در نهايت بهبود عملكرد سيستم مي باشد.براي نشان دادن عملكرد موثر طرح پيشنهادي، در فضاي سيمولينك نرم افزار متلب شبيه سازي شده است. وازه هاي كليدي:ريزشبكه جزيره اي ، واحد هاي توليد پراكنده ، نامتعادلي ولتاژ، كنترل افتي ( دروپ) ، فيلتر چند متغيره ، آشكارسازي هارمونيك

In order to increase the reliability in supplying the energy needed by consumers, plans have been proposed regarding the behavior of resources connected to the power grid in recent years, which are called microgrids. Microgrid systems are formed by the combination of several energy production and storage systems and local consumers. These structures have recently attracted attention all over the world, because these networks can work both connected to the national network and independently or in islands, and they can also cover rural consumers or consumers far from the main network. put A large part of the production of these networks is made up of renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and solar panels. Due to the environmental problems and global warming as well as the energy crisis of the last few decades and the movement of governments towards not depending on fossil fuels, the distribution systems have faced an increase in the penetration of scattered productions based on renewable sources such as wind and solar sources. One of the important factors that affects the performance of the microgrid is the uncertainties in its various parts and components. Various uncertainties such as load uncertainty, DG availability, etc., make the management of this network a serious challenge. With the high penetration of DGs based on renewable energies in the microgrid and the dependence of the production power of these sources on weather conditions, the operation of the microgrid has faced serious uncertainty. The presence of these uncertainties has jeopardized the security of system operation. Providing an effective and efficient solution for the safe operation of future distribution systems in conditions of uncertainty is a necessary and necessary thing. One of the main solutions for this purpose is to use an energy storage system, especially batteries, as a supplement for distributed production, especially production based on renewable energy. In addition to maintaining stability, batteries can make the microgrid a more economical option with ESS when the price of electricity is cheap or there is excess production of local resources. In addition to all these advantages, the investment cost of batteries is high and its technologies are improving and introducing new types every year. Due to the relatively low life span of these equipments, along with the cost factor, the life span is also considered as one of the most important factors for choosing batteries. Therefore, choosing the optimal number and place to install batteries, along with the type of technology chosen, is one of the most important challenges for power grid planners. In the proposed plan, a comprehensive and uncertainty-based model is presented to determine the capacity and optimal location of ESS installation in the microgrid with the penetration of renewable energy-based productions. The proposed model also evaluates the type of battery storage source technology. In other words, the proposed structure is proposed based on conventional and widely used battery models, and the effect of these technologies on the location and total cost of the microgrid is evaluated.  

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  Harmonic sources such as non-linear loads and low-frequency oscillations due to the synchronous generator rotor in microgrids connected to the high-impedance distribution grid lead to grid voltage and current distortion. On the other hand, single-phase and two-phase unbalanced loads including household loads, cause the injection of negative sequence components, therefore, unbalancing in the PCC voltage. The simultaneous presence of harmonic and negative sequence components significantly reduces the power quality of the grid. In this thesis, in order to simultaneously compensate harmonics and unbalanced voltage in microgrid terminals with interfaced inverter based on virtual synchronous generator (VSG), a combined compensation method is proposed. In this scheme, an impedance-based magnitude-reshaping method is used to remove different types of integer and non-integer order harmonics. To compensate the unbalanced voltage of the grid, the method of extracting the negative sequence components will be used by the decoupled dual synchronous reference frame (DDSRF). Two conventional PI controllers are used to compensate the unbalanced voltage. The outer loop is related to negative sequence voltage control and the inner loop is related to negative sequence current control. The compensating signals obtained from the two mentioned methods are added together and finally, enter the two-level sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) block. The simulation results obtained from the proposed method under three scenarios with harmonic and unbalanced sources are compared with conventional control methods to confirm its capability and effectiveness compared to uncompensated conditions and conventional compensators.

   به دليل توسعه ذخيره­سازهاي انرژي الكتريكي و منابع توليد پراكنده با خروجي DC و همچنين وجود طيف وسيعي از بارهاي DC ، استفاده از ريزشبكه­هاي DC در حال افزايش است.   تلفات كمتر، عدم نياز به سنكرون­سازي و كنترل فركانس و كنترل اوليه ساده­تر ولتاژ از جمله مزاياي ريزشبكه­هاي DC نسبت به ريزشبكه­هاي AC است. با اين وجود، يك ريزشبكه DC نيز داراي برخي معايب و همچنين پيچيدگي­هاي فني مربوط به بهره­برداري، كنترل و حفاظت مي­باشد. ريزشبكه‌هاي DC   نسبت به ريزشبكه­هاي AC عموماً منطقه جغرافيايي كوچك‌تري را تغذيه مي­كنند و طول خط توزيع كوتاه‌تري دارند و به عنوان شبكه‌هاي مقاومتي در نظر گرفته مي‌شوند؛ همچنين ريزشبكه‌هاي   DC اينرسي كمتري دارند و در نتيجه مستعد ناپايداري در هنگام بروز خطا يا اغتشاش مي­باشند. يكي از مهمترين چالش­ها در ريزشبكه­هاي DC، طراحي يك سيستم حفاظتي مؤثر براي آنهاست. در ريزشبكه­هاي DC، وجود خازن در فيلتر خروجي مبدل­هاي الكترونيك قدرت و خازن نصب شده در مدار ورودي بارها باعث افزايش سريع جريان خطا مي­شوند و در نتيجه، هماهنگي رله­هاي حفاظتي به طور جدي تحت تأثير قرار مي­گيرد. در اين پايان­نامه، يك رله حفاظتي تطبيقي براي تشخيص سريع بروز اتصال كوتاه در ريزشبكه­هاي DC پيشنهاد شده است. طرح حفاظتي پيشنهادي از دو قسمت حفاظت اوليه و حفاظت ثانويه تشكيل شده است. در حفاظت اوليه پيشنهادي، اتصال كوتاه­هاي با مقاومت اتصالي كم (تا حدود يك اهم) را بر اساس نرخ افزايش جريان، شناسايي مي­كند. حفاظت ثانويه پيشنهادي نيز با توجه به جهت جريان در دو سر كابل اتصال كوتاه شده، وظيفه شناسايي اتصالي­هاي با مقاومت اتصالي زياد را به عهده دارد. نتايج شبيه­سازي يك ريزشبكه DC شامل منبع توان فتوولتائيك، كه به شبكه AC متصل است؛ نشان مي­دهد؛ طرح حفاظتي پيشنهادي در كمتر از يك ميلي­ثانيه قادر به شناسايي انواع اتصال كوتاه مي­باشد. همچنين طرح حفاظتي پيشنهادي در برابر تغيير شرايط بهره­برداري از جمله تغيير بار و توان توليدي منبع توليد پراكنده، مقاوم بوده و سيگنال تريپ كاذب صادر نمي­كند.   

   Today, with increasing in the demand for electric energy consumption in the world and the limitation of the use of fossil fuels, the increasing attention of energy producers to the use of clean and renewable sources such as solar energy and wind energy has been attracted, and producers have introduced these resources as alternatives with higher reliability and quality, and better environmental and economic considerations. The use of renewable energy sources to generate electricity requires distributed generation systems in the form of microgrids. Microgrids are composed of distributed generation sources, local loads and energy storage system, and they are able to supply the required load of the system in the mode of direct connection to the national grid or island connection. AC microgrids, DC microgrids and AC/DC hybrid microgrids, are three main structures of microgrids. DC microgrids have received special attention due to their simpler control compared to AC microgrids and AC/DC hybrid microgrids. However, the lack of inertia in the microgrids, especially the DC microgrid in island mode, has caused them to have less resistance and stability margin against disturbances and fluctuations. One of the main issues in DC microgrids is voltage swing control of these microgrids. In this thesis, the design and simulation of an island mode DC microgrid which includes solar energy source, energy storage system and constant power loads is discussed. In this system, a virtual DC machine is used to improve damping and generate inertia. In order to have a stable and optimal performance of DC microgrid against oscillations and also to improve and increase the inertia and damping of the microgrid, a control method based on robust control H?   has been presented, which is able to withstand disturbances and oscillations and finally maintain the stable performance of the system. In order to investigate and analyze the proposed control method, the system studied in this research is simulated with different scenarios such as disturbances and oscillations in Simulink environment of MATLAB software. Evaluation of the simulation results proves the accuracy of the performance and the efficiency of the proposed controller. The proposed strategy by applying inertia and virtual damping, acceptably reduces the voltage oscillations of the DC microgrid and finally improves the stability of DC microgrid.

  Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA

AbstractWith the increase in the number ofdistributed generation (DG) and renewable energy resource units (DG/RES) andtheir penetration in distribution networks, microgrids (MG) have become veryimportant. Future of the network stabilityis endangered by increasing the number of Distributed Generation (DG) andRenewable Energy Source (RES) units. The idea of the Virtual SynchronousMachine (VSM) has been raised to control the power electronic-based DG/RESconverters in order to have better integration with the grid. This thesisintroduces a new stabilizer design for VSM-based converters to guarantee thestability of the micro-grid (MG). In this regard, the Sliding Mode Control(SMC) theory, which is robust against the disturbances and uncertainties, isemployed to cope with the intermittent and nonlinear nature of DGs. The mutualoperation of the proposed inverter and MG stabilizer has the followingadvantages: (1) It provides a seamless and robust transition from thegrid-connected to the islanded mode. (2) It is universal, sharing the real andreactive power during islanded mode and acting as a grid-supporting inverter inthe grid-connected mode. (3) It mimics the behavior of the conventionalsynchronous generator resulting in better integration of DGs into the grid. (4)It can be used both in the voltage-controlled and the current-controlledVoltage Source Converters (VSC). (5) It obviates the need for the communicationlinks, Phase Locked Loop (PLL) and islanding detection process. Themathematical model of the whole system has been investigated. The simulationresults, conducted in the SIMULINK/MATLAB environment, confirm theeffectiveness of the proposed controller.Keywords: Microgrid; Sliding modecontrol; Virtual synchronous machine  

Abstract:One of the most important types of renewable energyfor sustainable supply is solar energy, which is currently developing and expandingsignificantly.   Inappropriate voltageregulation of the distribution network, on which these microgrids are located,can lead to issues such as power quality, equipment safety, system reliabilityand stability. Therefore, the need for a suitable method to adjust the voltageof the distribution system is felt.   Manyexisting methods do not consider the delay of the communication links thatexist in the power system and ignore this important issue to design thecontroller. Communication delay, to a small or large extent, is inevitable inthe voltage regulation loops of solar cells. Meanwhile, delays with large anduncompensated time constants can lead to power system instability and voltagecollapse. Therefore, a robust method based on static output feedbackconsidering the delay of communication links has been introduced in thisthesis. The proposed method is designed by linear matrix inequality (LMI),which is used as a conventional method in power systems despite thecommunication delay, and has a simple structure and implementation and goodperformance. The proposed controller is implemented in the MATLAB softwareenvironment and the results of it comparing with the dynamic output feedbackcontroller method indicate its good performance in transient and steady stateconditions.  

   Costs caused by fossil fuels and their negative impact on the environment is the reason that received energy receives more attention in recent years. Among the energy sources, solar energy is a suitable option for various applications. Considering that the output power of solar systems depends on temperature and radiation intensity, therefore, controlling their working point is very important. Considering the dependence of solar cells on environmental parameters, we will need a controller that can track the maximum power optimally.    In this thesis, the fuzzy control method is used under different scenarios such as constant   temperature, constant radiation, and variable temperature and radiation. Also, in another scenario, the disturbance and observation (P&O) method, which is a conventional method for tracking the maximum power, is compared with the fuzzy method. Its results have been presented. The obtained results indicate that the fuzzy control method by accepting non-linear and imprecise data as input can easily compensate for the problem of non-linearity of the characteristics of solar cells. Other advantages of this method compared to conventional methods include high responsiveness to changes. Weather conditions, the lowest power fluctuations around MPPT, no need for accurate mathematical equations of the model.    On the other hand, the main cost of building solar systems is related to the converters and photovoltaic cells used in them. In recent years, the advancement of solar cell manufacturing technology has reduced their prices, while the price of photovoltaic system converters has increased, so it is necessary to use a converter. showed that it is economically and functionally appropriate.    Therefore, in this research, the common converters in photovoltaic systems have been investigated, and according to the characteristics and advantages of q-z source compared to other converters, it has been used to connect photovoltaic systems to the power grid.

   The quality of power and lack of use of the network are considered as two important factors in power networks, and one of the factors of ferroresonance is known as these network disturbances, which with the occurrence of this phenomenon, power quality and network security are endangered. Ferroresonance is one of the rare phenomena in power networks. In this project, first by introducing the phenomenon of ferroresonance, its different random states in the power system are explained, and also the effects in different fields are presented to start sales. Investigating and simulating the ferroresonance phenomenon is dependent on the ferroresonance circuit model and finding its state equations. In this project, by solving these equations, we investigate and simulate the random ferroresonance in the power transformer. Finally, we examine the effect of the initial conditions on this phenomenon in the power transformer. Usually, in the ferroresonance equivalent circuit, the self-impedance of the network and its resistance value are ignored, and in this project, we study the effect of ignoring these parameters.

  Objective: Improving output waveforms and overcoming theinstability effect caused by CPLs in DC microgrid is the main objective of thisresearch.

Abstract  The increasing influence of renewable energy sources, including solar energy, in the production of electrical energy, has increased uncertainties in solving various problems,control and operation of the power system.The increasing influence of renewable energy sources, including solar energy, in the production of electrical energy, has increased uncertainties in solving various problems, control and operation of the power system.The increasing influence of renewable energy sources,including solar energy, in the production of electrical energy, has caused an increase in uncertainties in solving various problems, control and exploitation of the power system.this reason, probabilistic load distribution has become an important tool for investigating the random characteristics of the power system.In this thesis, in order to investigate the amount of losses, considering the unstable behavior of loads in the form of a normal distribution, one of the Monte Carlo probabilistic load distribution methods is used.Two-point, three-point and five-point estimation are used with the help of Matlab software. In the following, the MCS&3PEM algorithm is proposed and the results obtained from it are compared with the Monte Carlo method.Also, in order to check the amount of fuel cost, the PSO algorithm has been used; PSO The obtained results will be evaluated to find the best location of photovoltaic systems, in order to reduce the cost of fuel. Two standard test systems are used to check the said methods. Also, to estimate the amount of solar radiation received in Kermanshah province using daily data obtained from meteorological station, in a period of 6 years, GMDH optimized neural network is proposed. Also, to estimate the amount of solar radiation received in Kermanshah province using daily data obtained from meteorological station, in a period of 6 years, GMDH optimized neural network is proposed.Also, to estimate the amount of solar radiation received in Kermanshah province using the daily data obtained from the weather station, in a period of 6 years, an optimized GMDH neural network is proposed.The results of the research showed that there is a small difference between the radiation values measured at the meteorological station and the radiation obtained by the model, which shows the ability of the model to estimate the radiation. The results of the research showed that there is a small difference between the radiation values measured at the meteorological station and the radiation obtained by the model, which shows the ability of the model to estimate the radiation.The results of the research showed that there is a small difference between the radiation values measured at the meteorological station and the radiation obtained by the model, which indicates the ability of the model to estimate radiation.In order to evaluate different modes of system operation, two scenarios areconsidered. First, all the loads are fed only by the main grid, and losses and production costs are expected to be high. And second, the photovoltaic system is connected to the system. Based on the results,In order to evaluate different modes of system operation, two scenarios are considered. First, all the loads are fed only by the main grid, and losses and production costs are expected to be high. And second, the photovoltaic system is connected to the system. Based on the result،In order to evaluate different modes of systemoperation, two scenarios are considered. First, all the loads are fed only by the main grid and the losses and production costs are expected to be high. And second, the photovoltaic system is connected to the system. Based on the It was found that when the photovoltaic system is connected to the system, the amount of power loss and production cost   is reducedKeywords:

      In recent years and with the increase in the number of elderly people in different countries, the supply and demand for the use of titanium and its alloys in the manufacture of implants used in the human body such as hip joint prosthesis, joint replacement, knee replacement, fracture fixation and dental implants have increased.   has increased widely.   In medical applications, in addition to the usual properties of alloys, other factors such as topography and surface energy are also considered, which play an important role in the adhesion of bone cells to the implanted surface.   As a result, the surface of the material plays an important role in the body's response to the implantable material.   The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of some variables of the sandblasting process, acid washing and heat treatment on the surface characteristics and cellular response of titanium.   In order to modify the surface of the titanium substrate, first the samples were sandblasted using alumina powder, then they were etched in a solution containing nitric acid and sulfuric acid for the necessary time.   After that, the samples were placed in the oven at temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 degrees Celsius for one hour. A group of samples were left without heat treatment.   In order to measure roughness, hydrophilicity, investigate surface morphology, investigate phase compounds, cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of substrates, various tests and equipment including roughness meter, water contact angle measurement system, XRD, cytotoxicity and SEM were used to investigate cellular morphology.   The results of the X-ray diffraction test showed that the dominant phase formed is the Ti6O phase.   Of course, a small amount of Ti2O3 was also formed.   The above groups cause better calcium deposition through reaction with body fluids.   And the results of the hydrophilicity test showed that the amount of wetting angle ?m decreased with increasing sandblast pressure and especially with heat treatment compared to the control samples.   However, in most of the samples, by increasing the temperature of heat treatment to 500 degrees Celsius, the contact angle has increased and the wettability has decreased.   Regarding the evaluation of cell viability, the produced levels did not show any signs of cytotoxicity.   In fact, the roughness of the surfaces obtained after sandblasting and acid etching were able to strengthen the attachment and proliferation of MG-63 cells on their surfaces.

  در سال­هاي اخير با ظهور ادوات الكترونيك قدرت، منابع مبتني

Due to the production of electrical energy in thermal power plants, a lot of heat enters the atmosphere through cooling towers. Therefore, the energy efficiency of these types of power plants decreases (the efficiency of these power plants is between 50 and 60 percent). Therefore, a problem named Combined Heat and Power Economic Dispatch (CHPED) plays an important role in the field of power system research because it helps to reduce production costs and also reduce pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by using waste heat through steam. In order to effectively and optimally use cogeneration units, the economic dispatch of heat and power load is considered, the purpose of this problem is to find the optimal point of power and heat production with minimum fuel cost in such a way that both heat demand and power demand can be provided  

   Nowadays power quality is one of the most important index in power systems along with other indices such as reliability, stability and security and can be affected by steady state current or transient current including short-circuits. Directional over current relays are used as the primary protection of meshed distribution and multi-sourced sub transmission systems. By using a good protection scheme, in case of fault current occurance, only the least possible portion is removed. DOCRs have mainly two settings i.e Time multiplier setting (TMS) and plug setting (PS). Proper coordinated relayes are required to clear the fault as soon aspossible to avoid further damages to the transmission system. This problem of setting proper TMS and PS of DOCRs in multi-sourced meshed systems has become very complex. CTs provide DOCR   the required current to trigger. Numerous researches and studies have been done over solving and optimizing the problem of setting proper settings among primary and back up relays but none considered CT composite error. Therfore we are about to solve the complicated phenomena of setting and optimizing TMS and PS considering the composite error of CTs. To achieve this goal we have used metaheuristic optimizing algorithms such as PSO,DE and GA combined with DE.

  According toforecasts, the world will face an energy crisis and issues related togreenhouse effects and environmental pollution in the near future. Therefore,the use of environmentally friendly vehicles, such as electric vehicles, aswell as the trend towards renewable energy in the future, will be inevitable.According to statistics, 83% of electric vehicles use permanent magnetsynchronous motors. Also in wind turbine applications, the approach of largecompanies in the world such as Siemens and General Electric, is to use largegenerators with high power density and reliability. The share of permanentmagnet synchronous machines (PMSM) is higher than other electric machines. Thereason is the significant improvement in the properties of permanent magnetsand significant reduction in their price in recent years. Due to the popularityof PMSM in the new energy industry, research has started on the design andconstruction of well-functioning drives for these machines. In thisdissertation, the torque control of this machine has been done using the modelpredictive control (MPC) method. The aim of this dissertation is to provide amethod for simultaneously reducing torque ripple and switching frequency with asmaller computational burden than the previous methods. By reducing the torqueripple, the performance of the drive and motor is improved and by reducing thecomputational burden, it is possible to implement this method on a variety ofmicrocontrollers.Keywords: Model PredictionTorque Control, Discrete Space Vector Modulation, Switching Frequency,Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

  One of the major challenges for microgrids that use renewableenergy, such as photovoltaic systems, is the lack of inertia, which endangersthe microgrid stability. In recent years, the virtual synchronous generatormethod has attracted a lot of attention to meet this challenge. In fact, thismethod mimics the transient properties of a synchronous generator using therotational equation of a synchronous generator and helps to improve gridstability by creating virtual inertia. On the other hand, most photovoltaic-virtualsynchronous generator systems have energy storage systems that have issues suchas increased system costs, maintenance costs, and space occupation. Therefore,in this research, a photovoltaic-improved virtual synchronous generator systemis used, which does not require energy storage. Another challenge of microgridsis the voltage imbalance and the proper operation of the control system underunbalanced conditions. So far, various methods have been proposed to compensatethe unbalanced voltage, many of which impose additional costs on the system. Inthis research, using the double decoupled reference frame method, the positiveand negative components of voltage and current are seperated and the PCCvoltage is balanced. In summary, this research presents an island PV-improved VSGsystem that is able to compensate voltage imbalance at the PCC. This system issimulated in the MATLAB / Simulink, and the simulation results show thatsimultaneously the dynamic stability in the transient state is improved usingvirtual inertia, and it is also possible to compensate the unbalanced voltageat the PCC.

  Today, access to energy is very important for developed and developing countries, and because these resources are in crisis, they cannot be trusted and a solution must be found. Therefore, the use of electric vehicles is a very good option to replace combustion vehicles in order to reduce fuel consumption and provide power in the form of distributed generation. But the point is that the community of electric vehicles at charging stations can have a huge impact on the network, and charging stations can also play a role. On the other hand, the location of charging stations in the network plays an important role in network parameters such as losses and voltage deviations. Also, the probabilistic behavior of load in the network and its changes during 24 hours a day can have a significant impact. Have power on network lines during playback. Therefore, in this dissertation, we first model and review electric car charging stations affected by the behavior of electric car owners by including load uncertainty in the Monte Carlo distribution method, which has been omitted in previous studies. Then, to determine the optimal location and capacity of electric vehicle charging stations in the 33-bus distribution network in order to reduce the negative effects on the network, including increasing network losses (active and reactive) and voltage deviations in the network bus using the algorithm. Gravitational atmosphere is addressed. The results of simulation in MATLAB software environment show an increase in losses and deviation of network voltage by placing electric car charging stations in place and with optimal capacity due to increased current and power passing through the lines. The instrumentation shows that if the charging stations of the electric vehicle are not in the optimal location, the losses and voltage deviations will be much higher than the nominal values ??of the network.

منابع انرژي تجديد­‌­پذير و استفاده از آن­ها در شبكه­هاي توزيع انرژي الكتريكي به ايجاد رويكرد­­­ها و ساختار­هاي جديدي منجر شده­است. قابليت مهم اين ساختارهاي جديد امكان بهره­برداري به صورت سيستم كنترل­پذير مستقل و مجزا از شبكه اصلي است كه با توسعه استفاده از مبدل­هاي الكترونيك­­قدرت امكان­پذير شده­است. از جمله اين ساختارها ريز شبكه مي­باشد كه يك شبكه­ي كوچك ولتاژ پايين يا ولتاژ متوسط است. ريزشبكه براي تغذيه يك مجموعه بار حساس محلي طراحي مي­شود. اجزاي ريزشبكه شامل منابع توليد پراكنده، بارهاي حساس و واحدهاي ذخيره­انرژي مي­باشد كه داراي دو حالت كاري متصل به شبكه و مستقل از شبكه (جزيره­ايي) است. در اين پايان­نامه ابتدا با شبيه­سازي ريزشبكه در حالت مستقل و با بكارگيري روش كنترل افتي از طريق اندازه­گيري ولتاژ و فركانس خروجي مبدل منبع ولتاژ (VSC) و اعمال حلقه كنترل توان اكتيو- ­فركانس، به مسأله تنظيم فركانسي مي­پردازد. براي كنترل فركانسي مهم­ترين بحث، كنترل توان اكتيو مي­باشد. پس از وقوع اغتشاشات عدم توانايي سيستم در حفظ فركانس در يك حد قابل قبولي منجر به عدم تعادل بين توليد و مصرف و در نهايت ناپايداري مي­شود. در حالت ناپايداري امكان دارد به صورت نوسانات ماندگار فركانس ظاهرگردد كه منجر به از مدار خارج شدن منابع توليدي و يا بارها مي­گردد. پايداري ديناميكي سيستم معمولا از طريق اينرسي انرژي جنبشي روتور در ماشين­هاي سنكرون تأمين مي­شود. سپس مبدل منبع ولتاژ با روش­هاي كنترلي ژنراتور سنكرون مجازي ( (VSG مجهز مي­شود، ويژگي­هاي ديناميكي هردو روش كنترلي افتي و ژنراتور سنكرون مجازي بررسي و براي نشان دادن تفاوت آنها در شرايط يكسان،­ هر دو روش كنترلي در حالت مستقل بررسي شده­اند. مدل­سازي سيگنال­كوچك براي مقايسه تغييرات فركانسي اين دو روش كنترلي انجام شده­است. يك روش كنترل افتي اينرسي مشابه ژنراتورسنكرون مجازي مطرح شده­است. تفاوت بين آنها اين است كه با شبيه­سازي معادله نوسان، روش كنترلي ژنراتور سنكرون مجازي داراي اينرسي مجازي است، در حالي كه روش كنترل افتي هيچ اينرسي ندارد. هدف اين طرح تنظيم فركانس و بهبود تقسيم توان با استفاده از اينرسي مجازي سيستم مي­باشد. بنابراين مي­توان بدون تغيير در سخت­افزار سيستم، اينرسي سيستم توان را با انرژي ذخيره شده در خازن­هاي لينك DC مبدل منبع ولتاژ افزايش داد و همچنين با تنظيم ولتاژ دوسر خازن پشيباني فركانس سيستم را فراهم و پايداري را بهبود نمود. به منظور دستيابي به اهداف پايان­نامه، دو اينورتر منبع ولتاژ به صورت موازي با يكديگر در نقطه اتصال مشترك به يك بار اهمي­سلفي متصل مي­شوند. از استراتژي كنترل ژنراتور سنكرون مجازي و تنظيم فركانس با   اينرسي مجازي خازن لينك DC در نرم­افزار متلب شبيه­سازي مي­شود.          واژه هاي كليدي­: ريزشبكه، منابع توليد پراكنده، كنترل افتي، مبدل منبع ولتاژ، ژنراتور سنكرون مجازي، اينرسي مجازي خازن لينك DC   

   امروزه استفاده از خودروها و وسايل نقليه عمومي كه به صورت تركيبي يا كامل از سيستم فتوولتائيك جهت تأمين انرژي استفاده مي‌نمايند بسيار رايج و متداول شده است. از سويي ديگر با توجه به پايين بودن راندمان و گران بودن سيستم‌هاي فتوولتائيك، بهره‌برداري بهينه از اين سيستم‌ها امري ضروري و لاينفك مي‌باشد. در نتيجه، مي‌بايست راهكاري اتخاذ نمود كه در هر شرايطي ماكزيم توان و راندمان را از سيستم‌هاي فتوولتائيك اتخاذ نمود. هزينه بالاي راه‌اندازي اوليه و نيز راندمان پايين تبديل انرژي از جمله معايب استفاده از سيستم‌هاي فتوولتائيك مي‌باشد. براي كاهش معايب فوق تلاش‌هاي بسياري انجام شده و در حال انجام است تا راندمان تبديل انرژي را با افزايش كيفيت سلول‌هاي خورشيدي و نيز دريافت حداكثر توان از سلول‌هاي خورشيدي افزايش دهند. مشخصه‌هاي سيستم‌هاي فتوولتائيك ذاتاً غيرخطي بوده و تابع پارامترهاي محيطي از جمله ميزان تابش، دماي محيط و بار متصل به آن است. لذا با انتخاب مناسب نقطه‌كار آرايه فتوولتائيك مي‌توان در شرايطي كه ميزان تابش و دما ثابت يا متغير است حداكثر توان را از آرايه فتوولتائيك دريافت نمود. تاكنون روش‌هاي بسياري جهت دريافت حداكثر توان از پنل‌هاي خورشيدي پيشنهاد شده است كه يكي از پركاربردترين روش‌هاي اخير در رديابي نقطه ماكزيمم توان سلول‌هاي فتوولتائيك استفاده از روش‌هاي فرا ابتكاري در تخمين نقاط اكسترمم تابع توان خروجي سيستم فتوولتائيك است. با اين وجود، در تمام اين روش‌ها به چالش اساسي متحرك بودن سلول فتوولتائيك و تغييرات سريع شرايط جوي پرداخته نشده است. در اين پروژه، پس از مطالعه مدل ديناميكي دقيق سلول‌هاي خورشيدي وسيستم فتوولتائيك در شرايط جوي متفاوت، يك روش   مبتني بر دريافت ماكزيمم توان به كمك يك الگوريتم هوشمند پيشنهاد مي‌شود كه توانايي دارد به طور پيوسته، سريع و پويا نقطه دريافت ماكزيمم توان خورشيدي در پنل‌هاي فتوولتائيك نصب شده بر روي خودروي در حال حركت با تغيير سريع تشعشع و دما در حالت جزئي سايه‌دار كه يكي از عواملي است كه ميزان دسترسي خورشيد را براي پنل‌هاي فتوولتائيك محدود مي‌سازد و باعث مي‌شود به همه سطوح پنل‌هاي فتوولتائيك تابش و دماي يكسان و يكنواخت نرسد را دنبال نمايد.

Abstract There are so many ways to control inverters such as pulse width modulation and space vector modulation that are so complicated. Predictive control has covered a wide variety of controllers which have emerged recently for power converters. The existing characteristics of systems such as time-discrete implementation of known power converters and drives,   high speed controllers and also the characteristics of power converters and drives like non-linear systems, limited switching states and other limitations has spontaneously   lead to use of predictive control. The fourth leg in three-phase inverters has boon provided for control the neutral current in unbalanced condition. In this essay, finite control set model predictive controller has been applied to a neutral point clamped inverter with both balanced and unbalanced performance, connected to linear and non-linear loads.The proposed method used discrete-time model and output filter to predict the must control parameters. The cost function uses the best switching state for the next sample time.After applying the swiching constraint to cost function and choosing the best switching frequency is obviously observed. It is also proved that with reducing the sample time in simulations, the total harmonic disorder reduced tool.For assessing the performance of proposed control method, it was done in some different sotuations namely linear and non-linear loads, balanced and unbalanced references. Key words: inverter. Three-phase inverter, three-level, predictive control, inverter control, NPC.   

The stability of the power system refers to the ability to maintain or return to the working point of the persistent state of the power system when it is disturbed. Turbulence may have a serious effect on the stability of the power system due to the stability of the small signal and the large signal. Increasing the consumption and diversity of consumers of electrical energy in power systems has led to an increase in the amount of energy transmitted in power systems. This increase has led to the interconnectedness of power systems to provide the required energy. In these interconnected systems, low frequency fluctuations can increase. These fluctuations affect the security and stability of large power systems and limit the current of power in the communication lines between the power sub-systems. Normally, synchronous generators maintain a constant vetting and a constant relative angle between stator and rotor coils, which is called synchronous generators in power systems. As soon as disturbances occur, the ability of the synchronum generator to balance the mechanical power of the turbine generator and the electrical power of the load to maintain stability is controlled. Traditionally, in the control of synchronous generators, a power system stabilizer (  ) produces an additional drive signal for the AVR excitation system to drive low frequency fluctuations. The goal is to create more mirant torque. On the other hand, installing    on all production units may lead to unwanted dynamic interactions. Matlab programming to combine probable load spreading analyses, linear modeling of multi-machine power system, small signal analysis and    optimization with pso metaheuristic algorithm for critical generator based on single-way stabilizers that have performance capability To have the best, it will be done.  

Today, electric vehicles are a suitable alternative to internal combustion vehicles due to their higher efficiency and far less environmental damage than internal combustion vehicles. But the factors that limit the use of these vehicles are issues such as the limitation of a city in having adequate communication routes and parking infrastructure and their charging stations. On the other hand, although the capacity of these vehicles alone is limited, a set of these electric vehicles at charging stations turns them into a unit that has the ability to appear in the role of a relatively large load for the network. Therefore, in order to make the best use of electricity distribution networks, it is necessary to operate and find the optimal location and capacity of charging stations for electric vehicles. In this regard, in this thesis, an attempt has been made to improve the IEEE 69_BUS TEST SYSTEM by determining the optimal location and capacity of electric vehicle charging stations based on the actual conditions of the power system.. For this purpose, uncertainty due to the number of vehicles in each charging station has been considered. The objective function in the present problem is multi-objective with the objectives of reducing losses (active and reactive) and reducing voltage deviation, which is optimized using the particle swarm algorithm and genetic algorithm in the MATLAB software platform and the results obtained from the location are compared.   

   در سالهاي اخير اهميت استفاده از مبدل­هاي الكترونيك قدرت به نحوي زياد شده است كه مقالات متعددي در اين زمينه به چاپ رسيده است. روشهاي متنوعي در كنترل مبدل­هاي قدرت ارائه شده است كه از رايج­ترين روش­ها مي­توان به مدلاسيون بردار فضايي، مدلاسيون پهناي پالس و ... اشاره نمود. در اين پايان نامه از روش كنترل پيش­بين مبتني بر مدل براي كنترل كننده يك اينورتر منبع ولتاژ سه­فاز چهارساق استفاده شده است. روش پيشنهادي در اين پايان­نامه با اعمال قيد كليدزني در طراحي كنترل­كننده باعث كاهش فركانس كليدزني مي­گردد كه تلفات ناشي از كليدزني را كاهش مي­دهد در عين حال باعث بهبود عملكرد سيستم در توان­هاي بالا و كاهش هزينه نهايي ساخت مبدل مي­گردد همچنين با استفاده از روش پيشنهادي در حالت كنترل پيش­بين دو مرحله­اي مي­توان زمان نمونه برداري سيستم را افزايش داد. علاوه­بر­اين مي­توان به مقاوم بودن كنترل­كننده پيشنهادي در تغييرات امپدانس خط اشاره نمود كه اعوجاج هارمونيكي كل سيستم در محدوده قابل قبولي قرار مي­گيرد. كه به‌منظور بررسي عملكرد صحيح روش پيشنهادي حالت‌هاي متعادلي و نامتعادلي سيستم موردمطالعه، در محيط سيمولينك نرم‌افزار متلب شبيه‌سازي گرديده است. واژه‌هاي كليدي: كنترل پيش‌بين ، اينورتر، ، كاهش فركانس كليدزني، قيد كليدزني، امپدانس خط

  Abstract: Today, due to the limited fossil fuels, environmental pollution, the transition from this fuels to renewable energy is inevitable. Among the renewable energies, solar and wind energy have received more attention due to better accessibility and higher capacity. Wind turbines with vertical and horizontal axis are used to exploit the wind power, which are more commonly used with horizontal axis wind turbines due to higher power extraction. The generators used in these turbines are also divided into two categories: constant speed and variable speed. Variable speed generators are more commonly used due to lower mechanical stress and higher efficiency. Among variable speed generators, DFIG is particularly important because of its unique advantages. These features include four-zone Active and Reactive Power Control, optimum performance at variable wind speeds, lower converter costs and reduced power losses and more. Today, due to the special structure of wind generators and the way they are controlled and connected to the grid, as well as issues such as variable wind speeds and uncertainties, the use of these generators faces particular problems. These include power generation control, maximum power point tracking, optimum performance at voltage and current unbalanced conditions. The wind turbine studied in this study is a doubly feed induction generator (DFIG) in which the stator is directly connected to the grid and the rotor coil is powered by a frequency converter consisting of two AC-DC converters based on a two-way IGBT controller and a DC link. Rotor-side converter with variable frequency injector plays the role of compensator for mechanical frequency difference with grid frequency. The grid side converter function is control of DC link voltage and in some cases provide reactive power. In this study, the performance and control design of a doubly fed induction generator is first evaluated in balance and then the DFIG generator is analyzed while the grid voltage is in unbalanced state. In a doubly fed induction generator, the unbalanced grid voltage causes the stator current, the rotor current to the converter, the current to the converter, torque and flux to be unbalanced. In this study, the stator and rotor currents are balanced by separating the positive and negative components in the unbalanced state of the grid voltage and negative sequence compensation. In the next step, the voltage of point of common coupling will be unbalanced because of the interruption of one of the three-phase load phases, using the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) with the Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame method (DDSRF) will be balanced and stabilized. In this study, MATLAB simulator software, which is a powerful software in this field, was used to analyze the system and model under study. By comparing the waveforms of the stator current, rotor, grid side converter and PCC point voltage obtained from the proposed control scheme and comparing it with the absence of control on the system, it can be concluded that the proposed design can guarantee the performance of doubly fed induction generator in different conditions. key words: doubly fed induction generator – unbalance voltage - negative sequence – current of stator - static synchronous compensator -   decoupled double synchronous reference frame

  Abstract:In this research, while considering the issue of host capacity in various dimensions, focused onthe harmonious hosting capacity of the power grid, including distributed resources, to maintainpower quality in power networks as one of the most important challenges of today's power gridsalong with power and network protection. In this paper, by presenting a simple and practicalalgorithm that observes the network harmonic constraints and the harmonic voltage limits of theDGs based on the standards defined for each local power grid (here in Iran), we were able to testthe observance of the above limitations in a system where power loading in It is estimated thatthe level of virtual power (network-capable power) can be estimated by each DG to increase itsproduction level in the network without causing harmful harmful effects. The virtual power ofthis network for a central generator of kVA 6 O, equivalent to 344 kilowatts, is a power plantwith a power plant capacity of 244 kw, the name of the wind farm.

Abstract Economic dispatch is one of the most important problems in operation of power systems. The purpose of the economic dispatch problems is to obtain the generation power units in a way that supplies the demanded loads (including electrical and thermal powers) and meet different constraints at minimum cost. On the other hand, with increasing pollutants and environmental pollution, concerns have been raised. For this reason, the economic emission dispatch problems, which are considered in both sides, are very important today. On the other hand, due to the failure of classical and mathematical methods, to solve these problems, considering the various restrictions of power system, due to the existence of local minimums, nonlinear, non-convex, and non-smooth of the problem, the use of evolutionary optimization methods has been increased. Therefore, in this thesis, ICA algorithm, hybridizing TVAC-PSO with EMA algorithm, and a new method based on fast non-dominated sorting and dynamic crowding distance are used to solve problems of CHPED, CEED, and also solving multi-objectives problems of CHPEED and DEED. In each case, each one is applied on several test systems and their results are compared with those obtained from other known methods, the results of which show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methods over other methods, in each of these fields. In addition, the statistical comparison results of the proposed new method prove its robustness and reliability. Also, a constraint handling technique, for the first time in the field, is integrated into the proposed hybrid algorithm, and its effectiveness in satisfying constraints at least cost compared to other methods is shown in constrained CEED problem. Finally, in order to evaluate the proposed hybrid algorithm in solving practical problems, a new dynamic multi-objective test system is introduced and solved by considering system practical constraints, such as ramp rate limit, prohibited operating zones, valve point loading effect, spinning reserve, transmission electrical losses and multi-fuel.Satisfaction of all of these constraints indicates the appropriateness of the procedure used in this algorithm. o Keywords: Economic Dispatch, Transmission Electrical Losses, Multi-fuel, Spinning Reserve, Valve Point Loading Effect, Prohibited Operating Zones, Constraint Handling, Dynamic Economic Emission Dispatch  

  Fossil fuels are declining as sources of human consumption over the years, and in addition to the greenhouse gas emissions that result from these fuels, they are damaging our planet. Renewable energies as a solution to reduce the adverse effects of reducing fosil energy reserves, resulting in an intensification of the global energy crisis as well as an increase in greenhouse gas emissions resulting in harm to the environment. In addition to using these resources, network planning should be done in such a way as to minimize the economic cost to the network. In this case, power plants with a higher fuel cost with less power and low fuel-efficient power plants enter the service with more power. This operation is performed according to load balancing equations and pseudo-security assertions, which is known as the optimal load distribution name. If the problem of optimal load transfer includes random input variables such as the power output of the wind power plant, the output of the problem will also be random, so this type of problem-solving optimal load transfer problem is called optimal load probability. In this paper, for the first time, the Cultural Algorithm (CA) is applied to solve the probable optimal power flow problem in the presence of wind power plants uncertainties and taking into account the power network constraints. The Cultural Algorithm is used as a general optimization method for nonlinear and non-convex functions and can substantially shift the target functions with respect to the problem constraints towards the optimal solutions. In this paper, various methods regarding to generation changes in the structure of the algorithm are also compared and investigated. In addition, the improvement methods of the proposed algorithm applied to limited input problems has been discussed and detailed, especially on optimal power flow problem concluding the uncertainties. The ability of the presented algorithm in optimizing the described problem for IEEE standard 30 and 57 buses test cases has been addressed and challenged using MATLAB software among the other well-known algorithms in this field.

The density of the presence of small renewable resources, such as solar cells, fuel cells and small internal combustion engines, is increasing at day-to-day distribution levels. This increase in the presence of renewable energy sources in distribution systems has created a new structure called the micro-grid. A micro-grid is known as a small-size power system, consisting of distributed products, energy storage systems, and various types of electrical and thermal loads. For micro-grids, two major modes of operation are defined: network-connected mode and island mode. Micro-grids are normally operated as systems connected to the network, but can operate in island mode if network errors occur. The micro-grid control strategy includes PQ method in network-connected mode and v / f method in island mode. In this thesis, the aim of the project is to design the initial control consisting of droop controller in island mode and PQ controller in the network-connected grid, which consists of three distributed generation units, including solar cell, wind turbine and battery. After the design of the initial control to improve the performance and compensate the voltage drop caused by the control of the primary level, secondary control is used. In the designed controllers of secondary level, the optimal setting of compensating parameters is made. We use the PSO algorithm and robust control to adjust the compensator parameters. Finally, the results are analyzed and compared with each other.

Design and Simulation of Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Wireless Power Transmissio  

In this thesis design and fabrication of real time powersystem emulator for power transformer study was presented. Real time powersystem emulator historical studying and review on this emulator advantages inpower system analysis and scenario of hardware in the loop examining clearlyshow the subject importance. Many efforts have been devoted in this field andtodays trends in Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) utilization for itsendless advantages was increasingly reported in IEEE literatures and industrialapplications. A. Benigni and A. Monti in a paper named A Parallel Approach to Real Time Simulation of PowerElectronics System (2015)

بررسي قابليت اطمينان شبكه هوشمند با لحاظ نمودن خودترميمي شبكه در حضور منابع توليد پراكنده

study

چكيدهدر اين پايان نامه از يك كاتاليست ناهمگن بازي برايتوليد بيوديزل استفاده شد و بهينه سازي صورت گرفت.براي تهيه كاتاليست   از   بوهميت به عنوان پايه استفاده شد و 10 فلز مختلف( كلسيم، منيزيم، روي، منگنز،كبالت،باريم،نيكل، استرانسيم، لانتانيوم، سريم) رويپايه قرارگرفت.10 كاتاليست سنتز شده تحت شرايط يكسان(6درصد وزني كاتاليست، نسبتمولي متانول به روغن 15:1، دماي 65 درجه سلسيوس و زمان 8 ساعت) تست شدند.از ميانآنها CaO/AlOOH داراي بالاترين بازده بود.براي بهينه كردن بازدهبيوديزل از روش سطح پاسخ با باكس بنكن استفاده شد.شرايط بهينه به دست آمده درواكنش تبادل استري شامل 75/3 درصد وزني كاتاليست،نسبت مولي متانول به روغن 33/8،102 دقيقه زمان انجام واكنش و دماي واكنش c°65   مي باشد.بازدهبيوديزل تحت شرايط بهينه % 2/99   به دستآمد.اين كاتاليست 4 بار قابليت بازيابي دارد و  بازده بيوديزل با كاتاليست بازيابي شده، بيشتر از 75 درصد است.واژه هاي كليدي :بيوديزل، تبادلاستري، بهينه سازي،كاتاليست ناهمگن بازي     

  پيش بيني بار معلق رسوبات رودخانه قره سو با استفاده از محاسبات نرم

  Recently, solving under determined systems is interested problem in the researchers of several science , especially that is too hard solving problem in general for reaching sparsete solution. In special term , a linear equation system can be converted to an equal convex optimization problem that has just one solution. This improvement is start for many searches and caused sparse solutions.In this thesis, we Propose a novel algorithm for sparse infiniti impulse response (IIR) filter designe. If a filter be sparse the addres and moltiplieres of zero coefficient will be deleted at last cost and complexity of implementation will redused.In recently years a lot of algorithms for sparsing signal introduced. This algorithms 0in 0in 10pt" >In this thesis we propose a novel algorithm for sparse infinitive impulse response (IIR) filter designs. The objective of the sparse digital filter design problem is to reduce the number of nonzero-valued filter coefficient.The proposed design method is i  ired by   particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm.This algorithm is included into two stages ,a preliminary optimization stage is introduced to determine the positions of filter coefficients to be zero then is reduced the error with determined the zero in first step. At last designed Butterworth IIR filter be sparse with six, zero coefficients with pass band edge .3791 , cut of frequency .531   and attenuation -45dB the   implemented on virtex6 Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA).

  Energy storage systems (E  ) play a major role in power systems planning and operation. Regarding the continuing evolution of the storage technologies, the E   will be highly regarded in the future power networks, and also their various applications will be increased. The optimal E   allocation problems mean reducing the investment costs (or initial costs) as well as reducing the networks expected operation cost. By increasing the ESS capacity, the investment costs are increased, but the network operation cost is reduced; therefore, selecting inappropriate size and site for the E   would result in undesirable costs in the system. Among several advantages of the E  , improvement of the power system costs and voltage profile can be considered as the most prominent characteristics of the E  . Besides, increasing the renewable energy resources penetration, such as wind power, for reduction of the environmental pollution, postponed the construction of large and concentrated fossil-fuel power plants as well as transmission lines, increased complexity and harder distribution and its subsequent significant costs, improved power quality and increased reliability, and supply of the subscribers power demand at load peak times are some of other advantages of the use of E  . By using the E  , the generation power shortage resulted from disconnection of the existing units or separation of the renewable resources can be controlled; thus, the microgrids reliability criterion, especially in cases of high penetration of the renewable resources, is met. Simultaneous determination of size and site of the E   is a non-deterministic non-convex problem, which should be modeled in presence of the real constraints governing the power system. On this basis, in the present dissertation, for the first time, the optimal allocation problem of E   was investigated considering the practical constraints including generation and consumption balance, units generation power limitation, prohibited performance zones, ram   rate, as well as simultaneous reduction of three different and incompatible objective functions of cost, voltage deviation, and air Emission. Due to complexity of the problem, the presence of various constraints and incompatible objective functions, as well as possibility of involvement of the classical optimization methods in local points, from among the evolutionary optimization methods, two hybrid multi-objective algorithms known as MOGSA and MOPSO-NSGA-II were proposed. The modeling and formulation of the problem was performed in MATLAB software. In order to take the uncertainty into account, wind generation power was discretized using the five-point estimation method (5PEM), and the IEEE 30-bus standard system was selected for simulation. Furthermore, the multi-criteria decision-making techniques were used in order to increase accuracy and make sure of selection of the best solution from among the optimal solutions. The simulation results clearly show efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method.

  The issue of   unit commitment is to determine the situation of switching on or off the available power generation units in a power grid. By solving this problem, the quantities of productive powers are determined economically, according to the existing constraints. One of the important criteria in solving the problem of orbiting unit commitment is to minimize the cost of electric power supply for the power system over a given time period. In recent years, the use of renewable energy for electrical energy has been given particular attention due to rising fossil fuel costs and also environmental problems caused by these fuels. On the other hand, , there are also some problems of the participation of these units in supplying demand for the network with the increased penetration of renewable energy sources in power systems. One of these problems is the uncertainty in the electrical energy produced by these units, and also the unavailability of these units in the hours of the day. The uncertain nature of the energy produced by renewable energy sources has led to a difference in the actual and projected output power of renewable unit commitment. Therefore, the combination of active units in planning in the circuit of the unit commitment in real time may be subject to changes that will remove the system from the performance at the optimal point. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to determine how the renewable energy sources participate in supplying the demanded load of network through the planning of unit commitment. Therefore, by reducing the uncertainty of the capacity of the production of renewable energy sources, the system can be brought closer to the optimal work point. Therefore, in order to compensate for the nature of periodic and incidence of renewable energy sources, electrical energy storage devices have been used in power systems. In fact, the purpose of using energy storage systems in power systems is to maximize the use of renewable energy sources. In this paper, the problem of the installation of unit commitment has been investigated, due to the many problems associated with the use of fossil fuels, with regard to the cost of pollution in the presence of renewable energy sources and energy storages. The MATLAB software, the Combination of the Genetic Algorithm and the Priority List Procedure with new use have been used to solve the problem in unit commitment. In this method, the initial population is produced in such a way that the supply and demand equivalence requirements and the minimum time down, the minimum time up of the units the constraints of the ramp rate, and the reduction of electrical power of units and the reserve of the spinining reserve erformed on the standard 10 units and 38 units. The results indicate that this process can help reduce the cost of the problem in the circuit of the unit commitment.

  Micro-grid is a small local network and consist of distributed generation resources and loads that is used to enhance the power quality and reliability for consumers in the functions that are connected or separated from the main network. Today, with the increase of small and big single-phase loads, the quality of the voltage in the Micro-grid is more importance than before. One of the common issues in analysis of voltage quality is unbalanced voltages. Unbalanced voltages has several factors, most of these factors occur due to unbalance loads. In this research, the voltage unbalanced factor and their effects on the micro-grid facilities is described. Then, in order to voltage unbalance intensity evaluation, various indices and standards of voltage unbalanced are considered. The proposed scheme in this thesis, describes the voltage balancing and analysis of inverter- based distributed generation systems. The control scheme used to compensate unbalanced voltage due to unbalanced load in three-wire three-phase micro-grid is an extraction of positive and negative components of both voltage and current using d-q axis for inverter-based voltage sources during the occurrence of unbalance in the micro-grid. This scheme is used to compensate unbalanced voltages in the point of common coupling. The purpose of this design is to control the positive and negative components of the voltage separately and generate reference currents. Because micro-grid are used in the grid-connected and island mode, so their controller method is considered in this two mode too. The control of output power of each of dispersed generation units in the both grid-connected and island mode is done with the Droop Control. At the end, in order to improve the performance of the controllers, the coefficients of these controllers are optimized so as to minimize the current error using the online Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. That one of the benefits online method is to resolve the uncertainty problem of system parameters. In order to verify the proper performance of the control system, a micro-grid with two voltage source converters (VSCs), unbalanced local load and network are simulated with the MATLAB/SIMULINK and grid-connected and island mode are investigated.

بهينه سازي كنترل كننده ها توسط الگوريتم بهينه سازي فاخته دريك ريز شبكه تركيبي درحضور چرخ طيار به منظور كنترل فركانس

<  gt;بهبود پايداري ريز شبكه هاي شامل توربوژنراتورهاي بادي با استفاده از اينرسي مجازي وكنترل مقاوم</P>

  The Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) is being developed, electrical and electronic technologies, to replace the existing steam catapult on naval carriers. Recently, the double-sided linear launcher has attracted more and more attention from researchers. This paper presents utilizing the design and analysis of the Linear Hybrid Reluctance Motor (LHRM). This new motor is characterized by a stator formed by a combination of independent magnetic structures, each one composed of an electromagnet, the magnetic core with one or several coils wound on it, associated with a permanent magnet disposed between their poles. The rotor has the same configuration of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) without any coil, magnets, or squirrel cage. In order to improve the thrust characteristics of LHRM, the structural characteristics and magnetic field are analyzed. The initial design, the finite element analysis (FEA) is presented to obtain the magnetic cogging force and thrust force. Then Using FEA, the effects of the parameters on the thrust and thrust ripple waveforms is analyzed.

بهسازي خاك هاي ماسه اي بوسيله ي رسوب ميكروبي كلسيت

  The destructive effect of confined water on the blast response of RC slabs

gain scheduling control design of permanent magnet synchronous motor via lmi approach 

gain scheduling control design of switch reluctance motor via lmi approach

  Small strain shear modulus of the soil dynamic parameters in geotechnical science is the foundation design and liquefaction assessment and dynamic loadings and other issues play a major role.This parameter can be measured and calculated by field research experiments or in the laboratory using a borehole or bender elements or column resonance, etc…Factors affecting the shear modulus can be confining pressure, void ratio, the average grain size and shape and arrangement of the particles noted.In this study, the experimental approach using bender elements; the influence of grain size on shear wave velocity and therefore the shear modulus dry sandy soils under pressure from all sides at different frequencies investigated.The results indicate that the shear modulus is sensitive to changes in grain size, as in a range of dimensions with its increase, the shear modulus increases and decreases in other domains.The purpose of this factor, which is a measure of grain to the highest shear modulus in the range of their own. In general, sandstone samples tested for maximum shear modulus for the range is about 1 mm of dimensions.

  AbstractSoil-structure interaction effects of soil under the foundation of flexibility, relative vibrations between the foundation and the free surface arises. The inclusion of this effect and inertial forces can be a real shift system -Py-soil structures under seismic movements set free surface.Over the past three decades extensive research to characterize the soil-structure interaction effects engineering have been conducted. The results of this research in many earthquake regulations such as NEHRP, UBC, ATC,… come.Many construction requires the deep and wide excavation that the construction and operation may take several years. deep and wide excavation in an urban environment where the drilling location is surrounded by many building, it is important that the impact on the environment the vital challenge is investigation interaction between excavation and building during earthquake.Earthquake regulations have not studied this work. The aim of this thesis is investigation effect of adjust deep excavation on structural performance during earthquakeThe result for study Kermanshah hamyari building that adjust urban train excavation shown Increasing amounts of displacement, Increasing the period of the structure, Reducing the base shear.As a result excavation investigates adjacent structures is very necessary in the analysis.Key words: soil-structure interaction, deep excavation, base shear, period of first mode  

Predictive control is known as a wide class of controllers that have found recent application in the control of power converters. The main characteristic of model predictive control (MPC) is the use of the system for prediction of the future behavior of the controlled variables over a prediction horizon. This information is used by the MPC control strategy to provide the control actions for the system by optimizing a predefined. This thesis presents a current control strategy using Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) that applied to a three phase four leg voltage source inverter. This control scheme predicts the future load currents behavior for each valid switching state of the inverter. The control method chooses a switching state that minimizes the error between the output currents and their references. Also, in the following, a new method is proposed to reduce the amount of calculation. Finally, simulation results in Simulink/Matlab are demonstrated.  

Mercaptans, sulfides and disulfides are compounds that exist in fossil fuels, which creates disadvantages such as odor, corrosion and reduce the fuel heating value. In the present study, adsorptive Demercaptanization of condensate via modified activated carbon by concentrated nitric acid and then loaded with silver and copper metal ions and also, silver metal ions loaded copper-benzene three carboxylate (Cu-BTC) metal-organic framework were examined. Condensate with mercaptan content of 188 ppm was purchased from Fajr Jam Gas Refinery. The mercaptan content of samples was measured by titration method. After adsorption experiments, adsorption isotherms correlation parameters for Langmuir and Freundlich models and kinetic parameters for pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were studied. In this study, Cu-BTC adsorbent shows a good absorption performance in adsorption of mercaptan compounds from gas condensates. The maximum adsorption capacity for Ag loaded Cu-BTC and treated and then Ag and Cu loaded activated carbon were obtained 49.416 mg/g and 4.824 mg/g respectively. Also, the SEM, XRD, EDX and FT-IR tests were used to approve the structure of Cu-BTC MOF, metal loading confirmation, absorbent surface morphology, crystal structure of absorbent and the adsorbent structure stability.

  Investigation that how Earthquakes Can effect on our structures made by human is very important for economical and safe design of the structures. By the previous research on the behavior of the structures it is obvious that a shear force acts at the base of structures during earthquake. Estimating a Reliable valu for base shear are very important to reduce structural damages caused be wind or earthquake. For the first time after the 1908 italy Earthquake engineers set it as 10% 0f structural weight. They changed it to 12.5% of structural weight in form of base shear.  By considering this provision structural performance was improved in later hazards and make structures after during.But structures show different behaviours against same earthquake.  Today millions of people live in structures made by Reinforced Concrete Coupled Shear Wall Systems. And some of most important structure like nuclear power plan, high rise tower and etc, are made in this way too. A coupled shear wall is a structural system made from to combined RC shear wall connecting by a beam named as coupling beam.  In this system thickness of concrete slab and shear wall are equal usually, for more rapid construction.  In many design Code such as the code and ASCE200 and UBC 1997 and regulation in turkey effect of earthquake force reduction factor in considered using ioss of the strength and ductility.  However, in none of the regulation , there is no way for calculating the behavior coefficient for those building that don’t have coloumn or girder and consisting ceiling and slab( tunnel form structure).vertical and lateral loads in tunnel form system are to lerated by the system.  In most cases, to access , and architectural elements or through ducts in the walls of the facility is a porter opening occurred in the structures of these systems proved to scientist.  The behaviour of such systems is entirely dependent on the geometry of the structure and behaviour of structures with different opening.  First a brief description on construction methods of this system was performed. Then some non-linear dynamic analysis on some models were performed by ABAQUS ver 6.14.3.  After that some smaller models made of walls and slabs modeled here in ABAQUS. For the sensitivity case study of the opening ratio on the behaviour of them were constand and only the opening ratio of the plan were different.  At final, after doing analyses curves were presented for the realative change of the behaviour.

  analyzing THE SMART BUILDINGS ON THE LOSS REDUCTION AND IMPROVING THE VOLTAGE PROFILE APPLYING TLBO

Augmented Reality (AR) applications rely on automatically matching a captured visual scene to an image in a database. The task of the thesis is to develop a technique which recognizes paintings displayed in an exhibition. Such a scheme would be useful as part of an electronic museum guide; the user would point his camera-phone at a painting of interest and would see/hear commentary based on the recognition result. Applications of this kind are usually referred to as "augmented reality" applications. Implemented on hand-held mobile devices, called "mobile augmented reality." We are interested in the image processing part of the problem.In this thesis, recognize image at the museum and a gallery is done. Photographed a database of Iraqi National museum and Free drawing exhibition in Ministry of culture and media in Baghdad. Recognize image evaluation parameters are time and accuracy. Features that are extracted from the images for the first time are Histogram in the different bin: histogram 256 bin, histogram 18 bin, and histogram 12 bin, Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), Local Binary Patterns (LBP), Local configuration pattern (LCP). Also, these methods are compared with the three methods Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), Speed Up Robust Features (SURF), The combination of SIFT –SURF which has been used in past articles.The results showed that the best algorithms for image recognition are HOG-Histogram algorithm using SVM ltr">

Gas lift operation is one of the most common artificial lift methods that may be applied to obtain maximum production rate with minimum flowing – bottom hole pressure. The goal of this project is achieved by injecting gas to the wellbore in order to move oil to the surface.We chose gas lift in three wells in East of Baghdad field which located about (20 km) from the center of   aghdad and it extends from east – west to south – east by (100 km) length and (11 km) width.   In this study, a program has been developed using basic programming language to calculate the flowing – bottom hole pressure by using two correlations which are : modified Beggs – Brill and Aziz et ,al.   Gas and oil properties have been studied and the most accurate correlations and methods for prediction of these properties have been selected to use in the calculations. Standing correlation (1981) is use to calculate the oil density while the gas viscosity is calculated by Lee – Gonzalez – Eakin (1966).     Comparison of   the calculated and measured values for the flowing - bottom hole pressure showed that the modified Beggs – Brill give the most accurate results than Aziz .et.al method, therefore modified Beggs – Brill has been used in gas lift design calculations.   The average temperature - compressibility factor method has been used     to calculate gas pressure gradient with the depth. Then, the point of   intersection of this curve with pressure gradient curve calculated by modified Beggs – Brill method, has been used to specify the depth of injection point. Also the injection operation pressure on the surface and its effect on injection point detection for three wells, which is the most important parameter in the gas lift design process, has been studied. The positions and the distances between valves have been determined by using rules of graphical method.   The results showed that the gas injection rate for wells No.(10,11) are     (15 MMSCF/DAY) to give maximum production rate of (3430 STB/DAY) , (2970 STB/DAY) with minimum flowing – bottom hole pressure (4287 psi) , (4105 psi) ,respectively. Also the maximum injection rate for the well No.(19) is of   (7 MMSCF/DAY) with flow rate (3512 STB/DAY) and flowing – bottom hole pressure (4187 psi). current production rate for wells (10,11,19) are (2450,2100,3100) STB/DAY respectively.This study suggests exploitation of associated gas in East Baghdad oilfield to be cycled to lift oil as an artificial lift method.   The present work includes using PIPSIM software to build a model of studied vertical wells, producing from Tanumma formation, (WH1-11T, WH2-12T, WH3-19T) after choosing the suited correlation for each well. According to the statistical results, Mukherjee & Brill correlation is the best option for these wells.Gas lift design was done after studying gas lift performance-curves, which show the change of production with many parameters (gas injection rate, injection depth, and water cut). The result of this analysis is considered as a base of   gas lift design which include determining the optimum injection gas rate, the optimum injection pressure, the depth of injection and the valve technical specifications.According to the constraints (the min. allowable pressure for designing is limited by bubble pressure and maximum production by water Injection currently used in field), the required flow rate has been achieved by using gas lift. A simplified economic analysis of using two methods (gas lift & water injection) for 12 years, showed the superiority of gas lift option.   Finally, by using optimization techniques can improve the decision making process in gas allocation for continuous flow gas lift systems in East Baghdad Oilfields.

  AbstractIn recent years, many researchers to increase the technical capacity and economic systems of the DG as well as the appropriate response to the need for high reliability and power quality have tried. The results of these efforts led to the emergence of the concept of the microgrid been entitled. A microgrid is a member of the power system, distribution system usually consists of one or more units is DG which can load one or more local and nonlocal independent of the national grid feed. DG connect to the network and, in fact, the microgrid, the inverter is required. Microgrid inverter control requires sufficient knowledge of the microgrid and having the exact parameters in order to design suitable inverter. In practice, the nature of these parameters are unknown and may change. If microgrid controller, inverter, according to several parameters that are not fully understood its nature, be designed for different parameters of the controller parameters, obtained a negative answer.To deal with this phenomenon at the Thesis of Bumpless Control will be used. Here are a few control parameters will be used to cover all the changes. This means that, if there are two variable parameters in the microgrid can be controlled with 4 covered the whole atmosphere changes in these parameters And for each area of a controller that simplifies If other parameters to control the operation area , With a switch controller and the controller fit into the current of the circuit outside the circuit. To prevent injury when switching between controllers, a controller output gain for maintaining current control circuit that is supposed to be used.In this thesis, the first chapter discusses the challenges and aim of the thesis was described. Then in the second chapter explores a variety of control techniques were discussed. According to the debates that took place, it was observed that any identifiable control techniques to investigate the functional limitations of their own. In the third quarter as the proposed method has been studied and the results were presented in the fourth quarter. The simulation was done in two ways droop and the proposed method and comparing the results show a significant improvement in the results of the proposed method is compared to droop.

  An electric Smart Grid, which uses two-way flow of electricity and information in order to create an automated, widely distributed energy delivery network, has been led in essential changes in the conventional concepts of the power systems. Metering, control, and communication infrastructures in this system enable the independent system operator to manage the load demands and limit them if needed. Also, it enables the consumers to play their roles in the planning and operation fields, effectively. Therefore, this network provides the basis for effective implementation of Demand Response programs such as Direct Load Control. Optimal Power Flow as an optimization tool in power networks is an important issue in the new power system studies which different methodologies are proposed for finding its optimal solution. In this thesis, the OPF based on consumer participations in terms of distribution network and transmission system is analyzed. The proposed methodologies are the Lagrangian-based constrained optimizations. In the first methodology, load curtailment cost is modeled based on cost function of virtual generators. This approach is applied to 13-node power system under the Islanded mode and priority list of load curtailment scenarios and the results obtained by the proposed method are compared with an improved GA-based algorithm to demonstrate the accuracy and convergence to the optimal solution. In the second suggested approach, Social Welfare maximization subject to satisfy all operational constraints are presented. The proposed methodology tested on an IEEE-30 bus system under different operating conditions where are important for Transmission Companies. Some parameters such as minimum bus voltage, active power losses in transmission lines, and maximum active power flow, kept under observation while the market clearing price remains constant. The results are compared with OPF based on traditional optimization techniques and applying intelligent techniques such as PSO to demonstrate the accuracy, effectiveness, feasibility and convergence of the proposed algorithm.