Nejati ali gorzani Hamed

   The Wilkinson power divider is a key component in the design of RF and microwave circuits, used to split the input power into multiple outputs while maintaining impedance matching and high efficiency. The importance of designing a Wilkinson power divider lies in its ability to not only effectively divide power but also address the need for isolation between output ports and reduce return losses. These features make the Wilkinson power divider widely used in many communication, radar, and other RF applications that require precise and reliable performance. Proper design of this divider can lead to improved system efficiency and reduced signal interference across different frequencies.

Acidizing is an effective method for enhancing production in carbonate reservoirs, but hydrochloric acid (HCl) has limitations due to its high reaction rate and high corrosivity. These challenges make process control difficult and increase operational costs. As a result, research has shifted toward alternative fluids with slower reactivity and lower corrosivity. One innovative approach in this area is the use of emulsion acids, which help improve reaction control and reduce corrosivity. This study focuses on investigating and optimizing stable emulsion acids to reduce the reaction rate with carbonate rock. For this purpose, the appropriate surfactant combination, optimal HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance), and the effects of salts and nanoparticles on emulsion stability were examined. All emulsion acids were prepared with a 70:30 acid-to-diesel ratio and 15 wt% HCl. Their thermal stability was evaluated at 60°C and 80°C. Surfactants Span 80, Tween 80, CTAB, and SDS did not provide satisfactory stability on their own. Due to its lipophilicity and high HLB, Span 80 was selected as the primary surfactant. The combination of two surfactants with optimal HLB increased emulsion stability compared to the single surfactant systems. However, the combination of the non-ionic surfactants Span 80 and Tween 80 exhibited the least stability. Adding KCl salt to the surfactant mixture improved stability and delayed phase separation. Nanoparticles of tannic acid, boehmite (AlOOH), and graphitic carbon nitride (g _C3N4

   Absteract Matrix acidization in carbonate reservoirs is a process that has long been used to increase productivity in oil and gas formations. The main goal is to create wormholes that bypass existing damage in the formation. HCl is the main acid used for the method. The use of this acid comes with major challenges, including high reaction speed, high corrosion rate, and penetration into highly permeable areas, especially in heterogeneous formations, which negatively affects the success rate of this method. Several techniques have been proposed to overcome this problem, one of which is the use of emulsified acids, which has been widely used. In this laboratory study, 15 wt% HCl was used as the internal phase, diesel oil as the external phase, and surfactant as the emulsion stabilizer to produce a stable W/O emulsion at high temperature conditions. To increase the stability of the emulsion, there is a set of parameters that include the ratio of acid to diesel, type and concentration of surfactant, HLB of surfactant, mixing time, mixing speed, etc. By obtaining the optimal values ??of these parameters, we produced a set of emulsions with different stabilities. In order to reach the optimal HLB and increase the stability, different cosurfactants were used in combination with surfactant with different weight ratios. Also, to increase the stability of the emulsion, instead of using high amounts of surfactant, PMBA, PEG-CA and curcumin polysulfide nanoparticles with different hydrophilicity degrees were used in low amounts of about 1000 ppm, and PMBA had a great effect on increasing the stability due to its dual-friendliness properties. After the production of the emulsions, kinetic tests were designed to compare its performance with ordinary acid. In these tests, the dissolution rate of calcite mineral in ordinary acid and emulsion was used as a criterion for comparison. In ordinary acid, the reaction started from the very beginning of the contact between the rock and the acid and ended quickly, but in emulsion acids, it took a while for the reaction to start after the contact between the rock and the acid, and after the reaction started, the dissolution rate was lower than that of ordinary acid, in other words, the reaction was slower. Therefore, by observing the results obtained, emulsion acid has the ability to delay the diffusion of hydronium ions and also has the ability to reduce the reaction rate.