Arsalan Parvareh

 This research investigates and optimizes routing protocols in Internet of Things (IoT) based telecommunication networks. Considering the increasing number of connected devices, resource constraints, and the need for fast and stable data transmission, optimization of routing protocols plays a key role in improving network efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and increasing reliability. In this research, an improved DCUR algorithm with the Whale Optimization algorithm is proposed to select optimal routes and balance load distribution in the IoT network. This method determines the optimal data transmission routes using criteria such as received signal strength (RSS), distance between nodes, energy status, and temperature of nodes. Simulation results show that implementing the optimal protocol reduces data transmission latency, increases network lifetime, reduces

   نفت خام سنگين به دليل ويسكوزيته بالا، محتواي بالاي آسفالتين و رزين و دشواري در فرآورش همواره يكي از چالش‌هاي اصلي صنايع پالايشي محسوب مي‌شود. يكي از رويكردهاي نوين براي بهبود فرآورش اين برش‌ها، بهره‌گيري از پديده كاويتاسيون و انرژي آزادشده از انفجار حباب‌ها به‌عنوان منبعي براي تغيير خواص نفت سنگين است. در اين تحقيق، شبيه‌سازي عددي پديده كاويتاسيون در يك اجكتور در مقياس آزمايشگاهي با استفاده از ديناميك سيالات محاسباتي انجام شد. هندسه اجكتور در نرم‌افزار انسيس ديزاين مدلر طراحي و شبكه‌بندي آن در انسيس مشينگ انجام شد. شبيه‌سازي جريان سه‌فازي (آب، بخار و نفت سنگين) و پديده كاويتاسيون با استفاده از مدل جريان مخلوط در انسيس فلوئنت انجام گرديد. شرايط مرزي شامل فشار ورودي آب Pa 2.000.000 و دماي   K298 و فشار ورودي نفت سنگين Pa80000 و دماي   K353 بود، در حالي كه فشار خروجي برابر با Pa 101325 تعيين شد. دبي ورودي نفت در شرايط مرزي فوق به ترتيب Kg/s4709171/0 بود و حداكثر سرعت در گلوگاه اجكتور m/s 39/ 63 گزارش شد. داده‌هاي به‌دست‌آمده از فلوئنت شامل فشار و حجم بخار توليدي (m³/s 104×33/7) به نرم‌افزار متلب منتقل شد و با بهره‌گيري از معادله ريلي پلست، ديناميك فروپاشي حباب‌ها و انرژي آزادشده از انفجار آن‌ها محاسبه گرديد. دما و فشار حباب حين فروپاشي به ترتيب،   K98/4722 و bar 2827 انرژي آزادشده از يك حباب در اين فرآيند J 10-10 833× /1بود كه به عنوان بار حرارتي به جريان نفت سنگين اعمال شد. تحليل نتايج نشان داد دانسيته نفت پس از كاويتاسيون از Kg/m³1/903 به 1/880 كاهش يافت و ويسكوزيته ازKg/m·s 2467/0 به 0754/0 كاهش يافت، كه بيانگر تغيير قابل توجه در خواص ترموديناميكي نفت سنگين است. بر اساس نتايج به‌دست‌آمده، بهره‌گيري از كاويتاسيون و طراحي بهينه اجكتور مي‌تواند رويكردي مؤثر براي بهبود فرآيندهاي شكست مولكول ها و سبك‌سازي برش‌هاي سنگين نفت باشد. چارچوب روش‌شناسي ارائه‌شده، امكان تحليل همزمان هيدروديناميكي، ديناميكي و اثرگذاري انرژي آزادشده از كاويتاسيون بر نفت را فراهم مي‌آورد و مي‌تواند مبناي توسعه تحقيقات آينده در بهينه‌سازي فرآيندهاي پالايشي قرار گيرد.

Lithium-ion batteries, as primary energy sources in electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and high-power electronic devices, face significant challenges related to temperature rise and thermal management. Increased internal battery temperature not only reduces efficiency and service life but also poses serious safety risks such as thermal runaway, fire, and electrode damage. Therefore, developing effective methods to control temperature, delay critical temperature rise, and homogenize heat distribution is a fundamental aspect of lithium-ion battery design and performance improvement. One advanced approach in thermal management is the use of phase change materials (PCM), which have the capacity to store and release latent heat and can prevent rapid temperature increases by absorbing the heat generated by the battery. This thesis investigates and analyzes the performance of various phase change materials including paraffin, vaseline, and their composites with conductive additives such as graphite, copper oxide, and alumina+CuSO?, evaluating their effects on the thermal behavior of lithium-ion batteries comprehensively. In this study, more than 23 different phase change material compositions with varying ratios of paraffin and vaseline and different amounts of conductive additives were examined. The experiments included recording the battery temperature rise time, heating rate, and heat distribution uniformity at different voltages, along with comparing thermal behavior with and without conductive additives. These data enabled precise analysis of the impact of different PCM compositions on battery thermal management and identification of optimal mixtures. The results showed that pure paraffin compounds, due to high latent heat capacity, extended the temperature rise time but exhibited non-uniform temperature distribution and hotspot formation on the battery surface because of low thermal conductivity. Pure vaseline, though structurally stable and reducing PCM leakage, had a higher heating rate and lower heat storage capacity. With the addition of graphite and other conductive additives, heat transfer improved and temperature distribution became more uniform. Compositions containing graphite and copper oxide or alumina+CuSO? showed the longest critical temperature time and lowest heating rates, providing optimized thermal performance along with suitable mechanical stability. Also, paraffin–vaseline mixtures with graphite achieved a good balance of thermal energy storage, structural stability, and temperature uniformity and were suitable for moderate charge-discharge cycles. Ranking analysis revealed that the best thermal performance was related to PCM base compositions with conductive additives, while pure vaseline and pure paraffin without additives showed the lowest efficiency in thermal management. Findings indicate that selecting the optimal PCM composition combined with conductive materials is crucial for achieving stable thermal management, enhancing safety, and prolonging the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries. This thesis serves as a scientific and practical guide for designing advanced thermal management systems in electric vehicles and industrial applications of lithium-ion batteries, highlighting the importance of intelligent PCM and conductive additive combinations in improving battery thermal performance.   

Ejectors, as essential devices in industrial processes, play a vital role in energy transfer and fluid suction. In this thesis, the performance of an air ejector experimentally investigated by Tang Liu and co-workers was studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in a two-dimensional axisymmetric model. The main objective of the study was to analyze the effects of nozzle throat diameter and mixing chamber diameter on the entrainment ratio, the influence of primary and secondary flow pressures on entrainment ratio and critical back pressure, and to compare the simulation results with experimental data, which showed good agreement. Velocity, pressure, and Mach number contours were plotted and analyzed under different operating conditions. The results indicated that increasing the nozzle throat diameter reduces the entrainment ratio but raises the critical back pressure. Enlarging the mixing chamber diameter increases the entrainment ratio while decreasing the critical pressure. Moreover, the maximum entrainment ratio was observed with a larger mixing chamber and a smaller nozzle. The effects of primary and secondary flow pressures on mass flow rate and entrainment ratio were also investigated. It was found that, for all geometries, an increase in primary flow inlet pressure increases the primary mass flow rate, whereas the entrainment ratio or entrained mass flow initially rises and then decreases. The increase in secondary mass flow rate was attributed to higher nozzle exit velocity at elevated primary pressures, which enhances suction. However, beyond a certain limit, further increases in primary pressure cause excessive expansion of the converging-diverging nozzle flow, blocking the secondary stream, as confirmed by Mach number contours. Furthermore, with a constant nozzle throat diameter, higher primary flow pressure results in an increased maximum entrainment ratio and a higher corresponding optimum primary pressure. In contrast, with a fixed mixing chamber diameter, increasing the nozzle throat gradually decreases the maximum entrainment ratio and lowers the optimum primary pressure. It was also observed that ejectors with smaller nozzle throats require higher secondary pressures to initiate operation. Results further revealed that, when the nozzle size is fixed and the mixing chamber diameter gradually increases, the minimum secondary pressure required for startup increases, and the entrainment ratio grows more rapidly with increasing secondary pressure. Conversely, with a fixed mixing chamber diameter, reducing the nozzle throat diameter leads to a faster rise in entrainment ratio with increasing secondary pressure. Finally, recommendations for future research were proposed, including three-dimensional simulations, multiphase flow analysis, multi-parameter optimization, investigation of working fluid effects, and transient flow studies. The findings demonstrate that numerical simulation is a powerful tool for analyzing and optimizing high-performance industrial ejectors.  

   In this thesis, a Wilkinson power divider is designed using a hybrid structure composed of three resonators—rectangular, square, and U-shaped—instead of the conventional quarter-wavelength transmission lines used in standard Wilkinson power dividers. The main objective of this thesis is to design a compact power divider with a wide bandwidth and improved S-parameters. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one provides the fundamental concepts necessary for understanding the operation of power dividers. Chapter two reviews the concept of power division and examines common types of power divider structures along with their analysis. Chapter three presents a review of several designs that have been proposed in recent years. In chapter four, the proposed power divider is introduced and thoroughly analyzed from initial design to the final structure, including equivalent LC circuit modeling, even- and odd-mode analysis, and current density distribution. Finally, chapter five summarizes the key findings and conclusions of the research. Furthermore, this thesis introduces an innovative method to achieve multiple different center frequencies without altering the main structure. In this method, by placing three rectangular-shaped structures between the input and output ports and only changing their widths, different center frequencies can be obtained. After the design process, the characteristics and parameters of the power divider are as follows: The divider operates at a center frequency of 2.14 GHz and is capable of suppressing the second to eleventh harmonics with a suppression level of -21 dB. The physical dimensions of the divider are 10.743 mm × 10.243 mm, equivalent to 0.0095?g2 , representing an 81% size reduction compared to the conventional structure at the center frequency. The return loss is better than -51 dB, insertion loss is -3.087 dB, return loss at the output ports is better than -46 dB, and isolation between the output ports is better than -45 dB.

   Combustion, as one of the primary methods of energy conversion in various industries, plays a vital role in energy production and heating. Despite significant advancements in renewable energy technologies, fossil fuels still constitute a major share of global energy supply. This study investigates the combustion process in industrial boilers using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods and analyzes system performance optimization with a focus on pollutant reduction and efficiency enhancement. In this research, the theoretical fundamentals of combustion, its various types, and the relevant chemical and physical mechanisms are first outlined. A three-dimensional simulation of a water-tube boiler used at Ilam Gas Refinery was then conducted using ANSYS Fluent software. Key parameters such as temperature distribution, fluid velocity, and pollutant concentrations under different operating conditions were examined. The results revealed that adjusting the excess air ratio and optimizing burner design could significantly reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). Moreover, the use of blended fuels—such as mixtures of methane with ethane-propane—was found to maintain boiler efficiency while decreasing pollutant levels. Additionally, the influence of boiler geometry and tube arrangement on heat transfer and pressure drop was analyzed. The findings indicated that an optimized design could enhance thermal efficiency by up to 5%. Finally, several strategies were proposed for improving boiler performance and minimizing environmental impacts, including the application of advanced combustion technologies, waste heat recovery, and precise control of operational parameters. As an applied research study, this work provides a foundation for the more efficient design and operation of industrial boilers and demonstrates that integrating numerical and experimental approaches can lead to significant advances in combustion system optimization. Keywords: Combustion, Industrial Boiler, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Optimization, Pollutants, Thermal Efficiency.

  One of the major challenges in photovoltaic (PV) panels

   Lithium-ion batteries are the powerhouse of the digital electronic revolution in this modern society. However, a critical issue is the thermal management of these devices' batteries to ensure rapid charging or discharging, safe operation, and efficient performance by regulating their temperature within the optimal range. Nevertheless, existing battery thermal management methods, including air and liquid cooling (known as active cooling), not only occupy significant space but also struggle to overcome battery cooling at high temperatures due to their heavy weight and limited energy consumption, leading to reduced vehicle efficiency. In contrast, passive cooling methods, referred to as phase change material (PCM)-based battery thermal management technology, have demonstrated favorable performance by saving weight and energy consumption. However, the low thermal conductivity and leakage of PCMs have limited their application in battery thermal management. In this thesis, the thermal modeling of a battery using a heater was experimentally investigated. Additionally, several battery thermal management systems, including PCMs with three different mass percentage ratios composed of paraffin and beeswax, and carbon-based aerogel/PCM composites, were fabricated. The results showed that using a PCM composed of 75% paraffin and 25% beeswax alone increased thermal performance by up to 56% compared to the other two ratios. Furthermore, using raw aerogel/PCM composed of 25% paraffin and 75% beeswax resulted in a 31% increase in thermal conductivity compared to the PCM alone. However, black aerogel/PCM composites showed acceptable performance across all ratios and resulted in a 46% increase in thermal conductivity. Overall, the use of a black aerogel/PCM composite composed of 25% paraffin and 75% beeswax was considered the optimal thermal management system due to its highest thermal conductivity.

Abstract

  Considering thethermodynamic properties of natural gas during pressure reduction in naturalgas pressure reduction stations entering cities, its temperature alsodecreases. If this temperature drops to a certain level – dependent onoperational conditions and gas composition (approximately 7 degrees Celsius) –gaseous hydrates, which are substances similar to ice, will form. The formationof hydrates not only significantly increases the corrosion of equipment butalso, by accumulating in the regulator path, causes blockages and interruptsgas flow through the station.In CGS stations, theincoming gas pressure is increased to a temperature in heaters located withinthe station to ensure that during the pressure reduction process, thetemperature of the passing gas never drops to the hydrate formationtemperature. Generally, in such stations, atmospheric burners equipped withnatural draft systems using natural gas as fuel are employed to generate therequired heat. The heat produced during combustion is indirectly transferred tothe natural gas via a heat transfer fluid (distilled water), thereby increasingits temperature. Typically, in these heaters, additional air is supplied to theburner to reduce incomplete combustion. However, this results in a significantdecrease in burner efficiency and an increase in gas consumption.To address this issue, inthis thesis, the burner was simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)techniques. Subsequently, in the CFD environment, design modifications weremade to the burner, including the special design of the burner nozzle (toincrease gas velocity and natural draft) and the installation of swirlgenerators to enhance the mixing of the combustion process. This approachreduces the excess air required for complete fuel combustion inside thecombustion chamber, thereby increasing the burner's efficiency and reducingfuel consumption.

مراكزي كه به نام‌هاي مختلفي چون پارك‌هاي فناوري و مراكز رشد شناخته مي‌شوند، هدفشان ايجاد ارتباط اثربخش ميان دانشگاهيان و فارغ‌التحصيلان در بسترهاي تجاري داخلي و بين‌المللي است. اين مراكز نيازمند فضاهايي هستند كه بتوانند فرهنگ نوآوري، خلاقيت، تعامل و همكاري را تقويت كرده و به نوآوران انگيزه و پشتيباني لازم را ارائه دهند. بحث اين پايان‌نامه حول محور طراحي چنين فضاهايي متمركزشده است. هدف اين پايان‌نامه طراحي يك مجتمع در دانشگاه رازي است كه به‌عنوان نماد فناوري و دانش ظاهر شود. اين مجتمع بايد با در نظر داشتن ويژگي‌هاي خاص سايت، هم‌جواري‌ها و كاربري‌هاي مجاور، فضايي مناسب براي افزايش تعاملات و يادگيري فراهم آورد تا افراد بتوانند نيازهاي خود را از محيط پاسخ گيرند. با توجه به موضوع و اهداف پايان‌نامه، روش پژوهش كيفي انتخاب‌شده است؛ زيرا براي دستيابي به يك محيط مناسب و خلاق كه بتواند عوامل مؤثر بر ارتقاي خلاقيت دانشجويان را شناسايي كند، نياز به انجام تحقيقات كتابخانه‌اي، بررسي پژوهش‌هاي پيشين و مصاحبه با معماران منتخب داريم. بر مبناي يافته‌هاي اين پايان‌نامه، مي‌توان به دسته‌بندي‌هايي در خصوص خلاقيت، محيط خلاق و مجتمع فناوري دست‌يافت. شواهد نشان مي‌دهد عوامل كليدي در طراحي مجتمع فناوري با رويكردي خلاق بايد به‌طورجدي موردتوجه قرار گيرند. طي پژوهش‌هاي انجام‌شده، بر طراحي با زواياي ?? درجه، چگونگي حجم‌بندي ساختمان، سادگي فضا و تحرك آزاد مخاطب، تركيب فضاي سبز با ساختمان، الهام از عناصر طبيعي و ايجاد فضاهاي باز و نيمه‌باز براي فراهم‌سازي چشم‌انداز تأكيد شده است. همچنين به طراحي داخلي پلان و نحوه تقسيم‌بندي فضايي نيز توجه خاصي شده است. عوامل ديگري نظير مكان‌يابي مناسب، تنوع فضايي، نحوه چيدمان و مبلمان، منظره‌هاي زيبا و طبيعي، نورپردازي دروني، انعطاف‌پذيري فضا و امكان تبادل‌نظر و ارتباط بنا با طبيعت نيز مطرح‌شده‌اند. پژوهش‌ها همچنين بر اهميت فضاهاي باز و نيمه‌باز، تعريف حياط‌ها و ارتباطات ميان آن‌ها، تسهيل گفتگو و تعامل اجتماعي اثر گذاشته‌اند كه درنهايت بر استفاده از طبيعت نيز تأكيددارند.   

The aim of this research is to increase the efficiency of the photocatalyst composed of bismuth chromate and copper oxide along with reduced graphene oxide under visible light to remove phenol. Bismuth chromate has shown good activity as a promising photocatalyst in removing organic pollutants from aqueous solution; But due to the high rate of electron/hole recombination, it has been used less. To reduce the electron/hole recombination rate of this photocatalyst, there are several methods, including combining with other semiconductors, among the semiconductors, metal oxides have shown good performance. In this research, the combination of bismuth chromate and copper oxide along with reduced graphene oxide was prepared using hydrothermal synthesis method and ternary composite with different molar ratios. Among them, the composite had a better performance in removing phenol. By examining effective parameters such as catalyst dose, solution pH, initial concentration of phenol and determining optimal conditions including catalyst dose equal to 1mg/L, pH equal to 5 and initial concentration of phenol, the photocatalytic performance improved and the removal rate reached 97%. Using the results of XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX and UV-vis analysis, the optical and structural properties of the synthesized photocatalysts were checked, and the results indicate the correct and good synthesis of the photocatalysts and the higher photocatalytic performance of the ternary composite compared to other photocatalysts under visible radiation. This composite still shows good performance after 4 reuses. The ternary composite prepared in this research has a favorable performance for the photocatalytic decomposition of phenol pollutant under visible light irradiation.

   The aim of this study is to investigate the potential and efficiency of modified bioadsorbent of combined sheep wool (SW)-cow dung ash (CDA) in removing common heavy metal cations in industrial wastewater. The concentration of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Ni (II) solutions was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) device. After calculating the adsorption capacity (q) and removal percentage (RE), the thermodynamics and kinetics of adsorption were studied by fitting the equilibrium experimental data with one-component and multi-component isotherms and kinetic models. To check the feasibility (spontaneity) of the adsorption process, the thermodynamic parameters including Gi   free energy (?G°abs), enthalpy (?H°abs) and entropy (?S°abs) were calculated. The effect and optimization of important process parameters were investigated in three levels with experiments designed by the response surface method (RSM) and diagrams related to software output. In order to confirm the surface modification, the adsorbents were analyzed with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The kinetic data of the cationic mixture was well matched with the pseudo-second order model (R2 > 0.993). In fitting the equilibrium data with the one-component adsorption isotherms, the lowest value of the error function and higher consistency was related to the Dubinin-Radoshkevich isotherm in single cation adsorption (R2 > 0.980) and cation mixture (R2 > 0.950). In the adsorption of two-components, the competitive Langmuir-Freundlich (CLF) and expanded Freundlich (EF) isotherms were in very good agreement with the data (R2 > 0.996 and R2 > 0. 989, respectively). The maximum adsorption capacity for the three cations of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Ni (II) in the optimal experimental conditions for the cationic mixture was 21.89, 19.93 and 17.12 mg/g, respectively. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process of all three studied pollutants is feasible and spontaneous (?G°abs < 0), exothermic (?H°abs < 0), and stable at the adsorbent-adsorbed interface (?S°abs < 0).

Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density, but heat production due to electrochemical reactions and the internal resistance of the batteries increases their temperature. Battery thermal management system plays an important role in maintaining the performance of lithium-ion batteries. Phase change materials (PCM) are widely used in battery thermal management systems due to their low energy consumption, high temperature uniformity, and affordable price, but the low thermal conductivity of PCMs has made their use a challenge. One of the ways to increase the thermal conductivity of PCMs is to insert carbon-based materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene in PCMs. Due to their high thermal conductivity, these materials lead to strengthening the heat transfer of PCMs.Carbon quantum dots are one of the carbon-based materials that are in the nano-size range and have features such as high surface area to volume, excellent electrochemical activity and the ability to precisely adjust the electrical structure. Therefore, in the present study, a heat management system based on PCM reinforced with carbon quantum dots was presented. The phase change agent consisting of beeswax and coconut oil with different weight ratios was prepared and their physicochemical properties were investigated. Carbon quantum dots were also synthesized by hydrothermal and heating methods using citric acid carbon source and their physicochemical properties were investigated using different methods. Physical and chemical characterization of carbon quantum dots was performed using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques.Then, the effect of PCMs reinforced with quantum dot carbon on lowering the battery temperature was investigated. The results showed that the addition of quantum dot carbon to PCM leads to a decrease in temperature in the optimal range of battery performance (less than 40 ?C)  

Heavy metals are among the environmental pollutants that human exposure to them through water and food can cause acute and dangerous poisoning. Water pollution with heavy metals is an existing and developing global problem. Heavy metals such as lead, copper, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, etc. are among the most common pollutants found in industrial wastewater. There are different methods for removing heavy metals, among these methods we can mention chemical precipitation, ion exchange, coagulation, reverse osmosis, electrochemical processes and surface adsorption. Most of these methods have disadvantages, and among them, surface adsorption is considered as an effective method for removing heavy metals. Bioabsorbents are one of the types of adsorbents that have been considered for the removal of heavy metals. In this research, in order to remove heavy metals cadmium and copper, aqueous solutions of melon peel modified with NaOH were used. FT-IR, SEM and ASS analyzes were used in order to determine the structure and identify and check the properties of the prepared biosorbent. In the following, the factors affecting the amount of removal such as pH, amount of adsorbent, contact time and initial concentration of the mentioned metals were investigated. ¬ 170 mg/L, 1.38 g/L adsorbent dose and 45 min contact time have been obtained. Experiment design was done using Design Expert software. R2 in this model for cadmium is equal to 0.9902, which indicates that 99.02% of the data are covered by the model, and the small difference with R2adj, which is equal to 0.9765, indicates the appropriate accuracy of the model. is Kinetic experiments showed that for both metal cations, the absorption capacity increased steeply during the first 20 minutes, and after that, this process slowed down and the absorption rate decreased. Until finally, the equilibrium state occurs after about 35 min for cadmium absorption and 40 min for copper absorption. Isothermal tests of Cd(II) and Cu(II) adsorption by NMPb biosorbent in a discontinuous and single-component system with the same conditions of pH equal to 5, adsorbent dosage of 1.56 g/L, temperature of 25?C and the time required to reach The balance was done. The maximum absorption capacity calculated using the Langmuir isotherm for the absorption of Cd(II) and Cu(II) in the single component system is equal to 310.4 and 136.0 mg/g, respectively. Also, according to the results, the Langmuir model for the absorption process of each of the metal cations is the most suitable model for fitting the laboratory data due to having the lowest values ??of the error function and the highest coefficient of determination R2.   

Verifying a person's identity using handwritten signatures is challenging in the presence of a skilled forger, where the forger has access to the person's signature and deliberately tries to imitate it. In offline (static) signature verification, the dynamic information of the linear signature process is lost, and it is difficult to design good feature extractors that can distinguish between genuine signatures and skilled forgeries. A signature is a handwriting of people that has special features and makes each person's signature unique, so a system can be designed to recognize people's signatures and authenticate their identity by means of signatures. One of the machine learning methods that has the appropriate accuracy to detect such projects is convolutional neural networks. In this research, we combined the deep convolutional network model with the federated learning approach, which provides proper accuracy in signature detection. This model recognizes professional forgery signatures with an accuracy of more than 91% and random forgeries with an accuracy of about 97%.  

در سالهاي اخير پژوهش و مطالعه بر روي سيگنالهاي الكترومايوگرافي به دليل سادگي ثبت اين سيگنالها و نمود خوبي كه از فعاليت بدني افراد دارد توسط محققان حوزه مهندسي پزشكي مورد توجه ويژه اي قرار گرفته شده است. يكي از راه هاي بررسي عملكرد، جداسازي موقعيت وجهت حركت عضلات وتعيين نيروي آنها، ثبت و پردازش سيگنال EMG (الكترومايوگرافي) مي باشد. در پژوهش هاي پيشين به دليل وابستگي موقعيت عضلات به عوامل متعدد، محدوديت¬هايي در ارايه¬ي يك روش به منظورپيش بيني موقعيت عضلات ايجاد شده است. به علت اهميت اين رابطه در مسايل مختلف اسكلت عضلاني و در زمينه¬ي آناليزحركت، ارايه¬ي راهكارهايي براي تخمين تئوري نيروي عضلاني امري ضروري است كه در اين پژوهش به آن پرداخته شده است. هر چند در مطالعات مختلف،روابط گوناگوني براي اين منظور مطرح شده است، اما پيچيدگي ارتباط ميان موقعيت و جهت حركت ايجاد شده در عضله و عوامل مؤثر در آن، باعث شده است تا تلاش براي ارايه¬ي يك روش با بازده محاسباتي بالا با مشكلات زياد روبه روشود. در اين پايان نامه روش تخمين موفعيت و جهت عضلات از روي مدل هاي پارامتري سيگنال الكترومايوگرافي به كمك كلاسيفاير مبتني بر شبكه عصبي عميق و با كمك سه دسته از آنتروپي¬هاي شناخته شده و پركاربرد از قبيل آنتروپي شانون ريني و تساليس مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. نتايج به دست آمده از شبيه سازي¬ها و دستيابي به دقت 93 درصد حاكي از اين بوده كه استفاده از اين فرايند براي تخمين جهت و موقعيت عضله دست عملكرد مطلوبي را در بر داشته است. 

  polymer materials are widely used in many household and industrial tools

   Smart antenna is one of the latest technologies that has a higher capacity in wireless networks by effectively reducing multi-path and co-channel interference. Smart antennas use a set of radiating elements arranged in an array. In a smart antenna system, the arrays are not smart by themselves, it is the digital signal processing that makes them smart. The method of combining signals and then focusing radiation in a specific direction is often referred to as digital. Beamforming will be widely used in the term. In this thesis, it consists of a presentation of 8 elements. Each element or antenna is a T-shaped dipole designed on an FR4 substrate with a relative electrical conductivity of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.60 mm. Each element is fed using 50-ohm microstrip lines. For each row, four elements of one ground are considered, in other words, four arrays facing each other have separate ground. The operating frequency is equal to 3.5 GHz and the arrangement of the array elements is designed in two rows of four facing each other. The obtained frequency bandwidth is 3.3-3.7 GHz and the radiation efficiency for each antenna is about 97% and the overall efficiency is about 85%.

  

Abstract

For many years, the separation of ethylene (C2H4) from ethane (C2H6) for the production of pure ethylene for industrialpurposes has been of great importance. The separation of ethylene from ethane is a vital process in the industry, which requires high-purity separation for ethylene to produce high-quality final products. The pure ethylene obtained from this process is used as an important raw material in the production of plastic, rubber, and other chemical products. The process of ethylene separation acts as a fundamental basis for the petrochemical industry and is of great importance in meeting global industrial and economic needs. Cryogenic distillation is the main technology for separating ethylene and ethane, which is used due to the close boiling point of ethylene and ethane (187.6 K for ethane and 169.5 K for ethylene) under very low temperatures and high pressures. However, this process is very costly in terms of investment and energy consumption in the petrochemical industry. Therefore, various alternative methods have been investigated to increase its efficiency and reduce the associated costs. One ofthe significant limitations of these alternative methods is their limited selectivity, making them incapable of serving as a complete replacement for cryogenic distillation. Nevertheless, internal absorption processes can potentially serve as a suitable substitute for cryogenic distillation. The main objective of this study is to investigate the amount of pure ethylene and ethane gas absorption by CuAlCl4 absorbent in a toluene solvent. In this study, the effect of various parameters such as concentration, temperature, and pressure on the amount of absorption of these two gases has been evaluated. Finally, we found that the current process shows very good selectivity between ethylene and ethane. Additionally, there is a trade-off between the absorption and selectivity of ethylene. With increasing pressure, the capacity of ethylene absorption increases, but the selectivity decreases. At low pressures, the selectivity increases, but the capacity decreases. The maximum selectivity of ethylene to ethane is achieved at the lowest possible pressure, but the low capacity of ethylene at low pressures is a limiting factor for optimal process design.

   Abstract In this study, the performance of Solar Chimney   integrated with phase change material and the phase change process of these materials were simulated and analyzed using computational fluid dynamics technique and software   Ansys Fluent software through the two-dimensional geometry. In order to speed up the melting process of the phase change material for a uniform heat flux of 700w/m^2, the inlet and outlet vents of the chimney were closed. The schematic of the system and the dimensions of the geometry were considered similar to reference [26]. Comparison of the results of the present work with the mentioned reference shows that the performed simulations are capable of predicting the performance of solar chimney systems equipped with phase change materials. The results of the simulation showed that by increasing the conductive heat transfer coefficient by 2 and 3 times, the melting time decreases by 9 and 15%, respectively, and by increasing the thickness of the phase change material layer by 1.5 and 2 times, the melting time It becomes 1.62 and 2.3 times respectively. Also, by dividing the thickness of phase changing material layer into two or three equal layers with the same type of material , there was no change in the overall melting time. Finally, by dividing the thickness of the PCM layer into two equal parts and Changing the range of phase change temperature of the nearest layer   to the absorber from (311-316 K) to (307-311 K), the total melting time did not change But the system saves energy in this mode at a faster rate than the single-layer PCM mode.

A heat exchanger is a tool for heat transferring between two fluids with temperature difference, and it is important when we can achieve a lower operating cost and a smaller exchanger size. The concept of miniaturization of the exchanger has required researchers to study microchannels as heat exchangers. Micro exchangers, compared to conventional exchangers, have different performance in heat transfer due to structural differences and other differences. In this research, a flat microchannel with a rectangular cross-section is used to investigate the heat transfer, which has four inlet flows, including two lateral sheath flows (to establish the phenomenon of hydrodynamic focusing) and also two middle sheath flows. The phenomenon of hydrodynamic focusing in this microchannel has led to direct the materials into a flow and by removing the contact between the walls of the device and the reactive flow, it creates a uniform flow. Also, an FRR parameter is defined in this microchannel, which indicates the ratio of the total rate of lateral sheath flows to the total rate of middle sheath flows. The performance of heat transfer in this microchannel is studied by checking different parameters in the inlet flows. For this purpose, we use an immiscible fluid (oil) for lateral sheath flows and (ice water) for middle sheath flows. Therefore, we have two separable phases at the output, and this is a valuable point in using this microchannel. The results showed that in order to establish the phenomenon of hydrodynamic concentration, in addition to using different inlet flow rate ratios according to the characteristic dimensions of the flat micro heat exchanger equipped with side sheath flows, the Reynolds number was placed in the range of laminar flow. It also showed a good agreement. The simulations were based on the experimental data obtained from the experiment. In general, the results of the study of heat transfer in a flat microchannel equipped with side sheath flows showed that with an increase in the key parameter defined as FRR in this type of microchannel and an increase in the oil volume flow ratio, the temperature increases, which leads to an increase in the coefficient Heat transfer and increasing the dimensionless number of Nu. A heat exchanger is a tool for heat transferring between two fluids with temperature difference, and it is important when we can achieve a lower operating cost and a smaller exchanger size. The concept of miniaturization of the exchanger has required researchers to study microchannels as heat exchangers. Micro exchangers, compared to conventional exchangers, have different performance in heat transfer due to structural differences and other differences. In this research, a flat microchannel with a rectangular cross-section is used to investigate the heat transfer, which has four inlet flows, including two lateral sheath flows (to establish the phenomenon of hydrodynamic focusing) and also two middle sheath flows. The phenomenon of hydrodynamic focusing in this microchannel has led to direct the materials into a flow and by removing the contact between the walls of the device and the reactive flow, it creates a uniform flow. Also, an FRR parameter is defined in this microchannel, which indicates the ratio of the total rate of lateral sheath flows to the total rate of middle sheath flows. The performance of heat transfer in this microchannel is studied by checking different parameters in the inlet flows. For this purpose, we use an immiscible fluid (oil) for lateral sheath flows and (ice water) for middle sheath flows. Therefore, we have two separable phases at the output, and this is a valuable point in using this microchannel.

  Abstract:Today, due to the reduction in the size of electronic and telecommunicationcircuits and boards and the increasing use of circuits with high speed andaccuracy, the frequency spectrum known as microwave is widely used. Amongthese, one of the most widely used elements In high frequency and radiocircuits, they are power dividers and combiners (couplers). Among theapplications of power dividers, it can be mentioned that they are used insatellite receivers, antennas, power amplifiers, communication and radiosystems, etc., during which these inactive circuits, they divide or combine thepower of signals in radio frequencies.There are various types of power divider circuits, among the mostreliable ones, we can mention the Wilkinson, Gysel, T-shaped power dividers,etc., which are used in different equipment depending on the efficiency. In themeantime, Gysel power divider is more popular than other dividers due to itsmany applications and having advantages such as suitable thermal conductivitycompared to Wilkinson, high bandwidth, optimal matching and high isolation betweenoutput ports. Gysel power amplifiers can be referred to isolation of outputports, input and output impedance matching and their flat structure. Nowadays,many Gysel power dividers have been designed. In this thesis, a new structureof Gysel power divider has been proposed using microstrip lines, and also inthis thesis, in order to remove unwanted harmonics, by placing modifiedresonators with a new structure of quarter-wavelength lines is presented. Thedimensions of the resonators were determined using the PSO optimizationalgorithm, and the results show that the designed power divider has a returnloss of less than -20 dB, an appropriate insertion loss of 3.09 dB, a compactsize of 0.14 ?g × 0.42 ?g , and a high bandwidth of FBW=125%.  

در اين تحقيق، پديده خوردگي سايشي در تجهيزات فرآيندي حامل جريان سيال همراه با ذرات جامد مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت و با استفاده از تكنيك شبيه سازي ديناميك سيالات محاسباتي با بكارگيري نرم افزار كامسول پارامترهاي مؤثر بر خوردگي سايشي بررسي شده‌اند. در اين راستا درون مجراهاي حامل جريان هوا و ماسه با انحناهاي 45،60،90،120،135 و 180 درجه پديده خوردگي سايشي ضمن برخورد ذرات جامد جريان با ديواره لوله وخم شبيه سازي شد نوع ذرات، ماسه و اندازه ذرات موجود در سيال m150? در نظر گرفته شد و مدل‌هاي اصلي خوردگي سايشي شامل مدل Finnie،E/CRC،OKA و DNV در اين شبيه سازي لحاظ شد. براي شبيه سازي جريان سيال با توجه به آشفته بودن جريان از مدل k-? استفاده شد. دماي عملياتي 20?C، سرعت جريان هوا 11M/S و فشار خروجي مجرا 1atm درنظر گرفته شد. نتايج بدست آمده از اين شبيه سازي شامل بررسي پارامترهاي ديناميكي جريان و اثر پارامترهاي مختلف مانند سرعت، اندازه ذرات، دانسيته ذرات، قطر مجرا و...، بررسي مسير حركت ذرات و تشخيص نقاط مهم خوردگي است. بررسي اثر پارامترهاي مختلف بر روي خوردگي سايشي به صورت كمي در قالب نمودار و جدول ارائه شد اما تشخيص نقاط مهم سايش و بررسي پارامترهاي ديناميكي و نحوه حركت ذرات به صورت كيفي گزارش شد. اين نتايج نشان داد كه با افزايش سرعت سيال، دبي ذرات و افزايش انحناي مجرا خوردگي افزايش يافت و با افزايش قطر ذرات، دانسيته ذرات، قطر لوله خوردگي سايشي كاهش يافت. محل بيشتر سايش براي زانويي 45 و 60 درجه در انتهاي انحنا بود. براي زانويي 120 و 135 درجه حداكثر نرخ سايش در وسط خم رخ داد. ضمناً براي خم 180 درجه دو ناحيه با نرخ سايش بالا در زانويي وجود دارد. با تغيير سيال درون لوله از هوا به آب نرخ سايش حدود 90% كاهش پيدا كرد و براي سيال آب با افزايش قطر ذرات نرخ سايش افزايش پيدا كرد.   اهميت مطالعه تجزيه و تحليل ديناميك سيالات محاسباتي براي مطالعه نرخ سايش با استفاده از كامسول پيش‌بيني بهتري از نقاط مهم خوردگي، برنامه‌ريزي اقدامات پيشگيرانه براي كاهش وقوع سايش، برنامه تعمير و نگهداري و صرفه‌جويي در هزينه با كاهش زمان خرابي ارائه مي‌كند.   

با نگاهي به معماري سنتي ايران، نقش و جايگاه ويژه خانه به عنوان عنصري مهم در اينگونه معماري آشكار خواهد شد. خانه هاي سنتي ايران از جمله بناهايي مي‌باشند كه تزئينات در آنها به چشم مي خورد. بنابراين لازم است كه در طراحي هاي خويش در كنار استفاده از مصاديق تكنولوژي و مدرنيته از عنصر يا عناصري   از معماري ايراني اسلامي تحت عنوان تزئينات   بهره گرفت. ضمن آنكه در مسكن هاي امروزي حلقه‌ي اتصال به گذشته مفقود شده است و اكثر بناها توجه   كافي به فرهنگ و هويت اين مرز و بوم، داراي رنگ و بوي غربي گرديده كه متفاوت از سبك زندگي و خواسته هاي انسان ايراني است. در ضمن اين مطلب بايد به نداشتن كوچك‌ترين خاطره و ارجاع ذهني در ميان اين كارها به گذشته و نماد‌ها و مسكن ايراني نيز اشاره كرد. ساخت كارهايي فاقد هويت و ارزش فرهنگي كه به مراتب زندگي در آن ها منجر به تغيير سبك زندگي و تغيير ارزش‌ ها و از خاطر بردن هويت ملي نيز خواهد شد. لذا در اين پايان نامه هدف بررسي امكان سنجي به كار بردن تزئينات خانه هاي سنتي تاريخي در   خانه هاي امروزي و معماري معاصر مي باشد .براي انجام اين پژوهش پشتيبان طراحي، تزئينات در تعدادي از خانه هاي سنتي تاريخي شهر كرمانشاه، بررسي و تزئينات متداول در آنها برداشت شده است.سپس با استفاده از پرسشنامه تصويري ميزان علاقه مندي و تمايل ساكنين به هريك از اين تزئينات براي استفاده در خانه هاي امروزي مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. با توجه به نتايج حاصل از پرسشنامه تزييناتي كه شهروندان ميزان تمايل بيشتري براي استفاده از آنها در خانه هاي معاصر داشته اند، آجركاري،گچ بري،رنگ و نقاشي، هره چيني و استفاده از تزئينات فلزي است. در نهايت نتايج مطالعات در قالب طراحي يك آپارتمان مسكوني 6 طبقه به كار برده شده است.   

با توجه به نياز روز افزون منابع انرژي، سطح مصرف انرژي در جهان افزايش يافته است. از اين رو دسترسي كشورهاي درحال توسعه به انواع منابع جديد انرژي بويژه انرژي هاي پاك اهميت اساسي دارد و با توجه به كم شدن ذخاير محدود انرژي فسيلي و همچنين دلايل زيست محيطي ديگر نمي توان به آن متكي بود. از اين رو استفاده از انرژي هاي پاك مانند انرژي باد مي تواند جايگاه ويژه اي داشته باشد. در اين بررسي عملكرد انواع توربين هاي بادي، بويژه توربين هاي بدون پره و آشنايي با پديده جريان هاي گردابي كه اساس توربين هاي بدون پره را تشكيل مي دهد ارائه شده است. از اين رو در اين راستا طراحي، مدلسازي و شبيه سازي اين نوع توربين هاي بدون پره انجام شد .ابتدا شبيه سازي دو بعدي سيستم هاي گردابي در حالت استوانه ساكن در رينولدز هاي 60 و 40 انجام شد. در ادامه چهار نوع هندسه ي مختلف دايره، نيم دايره، قيف و نيم دايره-مربع طراحي و شبيه سازي دو بعدي گردابي نوساني VIV آن، در اين چهار هندسه ها در رينولدز 51600 انجام و مقادير جابجايي در جهت عرضي، نيرو هاي درگ و ليفت و ضرايب آنها و همچنين الگوي جريان گردابي پشت اين اجسام بررسي شد. مشخص شد كه هندسه ي نيم دايره-مربع بيشترين مقدار فركانس رابا مقدار 5.747 هرتز نسبت به ساير هندسه ها دارد.   در ادامه مهمترين پارامتر تاثير گذار عدد بدون بعد رينولدز بر عملكرد اين نوع هندسه در سه محدوده ي 30000 ، 51600 و 100000 بررسي و مشخص شد هندسه ي مورد نظر در محدوده ي رينولدز 100000 بيشترين تعداد نوسان جابجايي و سرعت و ضريب ليفت را دارد.

راكتور از ديدگاه شبيه سازي بررسي خواهد شد.   

در اين تحقيق از ديناميك سيالات محاسباتي براي شبيه سازي عملكرد يك يا چند كولر هوايي ( بسته به انتخاب اينكه اين مجموعه بايد بر روي اين خط سيال فرايندي نصب باشند) در شرايط موجود استفاده مي شود. نتايج شبيه سازي CFD جهت تاييد اعتبار با داده هاي تجربي موجود مقايسه خواهند شد. پس از تاييد قابليت شبيه سازي CFD ، اثر تغيير پارامترهاي هندسي ( اعم از تغيير گذرهاي لوله هاي سيال فرآيندي، تغيير آرايش هاي سري- موازي در جريان سيال فرآيندي، تغيير در فاصله كولر هاي هوايي نسبت به خط سيال فرايندي، تغيير در زاويه پره ها و ... ) و همچنين شرايط عملياتي بر روي عملكرد كولرهاي هوايي در خط فرايندي مورد نظر از ديدگاه شبيه سازي بررسي خواهد شد. لازم به ذكر است كه در صورتي قرار است قابليت اجرايي هر يك از تغييرات هندسي بررسي شود بايد جوانب مختلف اعم از افت فشار، توزيه مناسب در آرايش هاي موازي و ... مد نظر قرار گيرد. به طور كلي، هدف از بررسي پارامترهاي هندسي بهبود بخشيدن مكانيسم تاثيرگذاري آنها در عملكرد كولر است. بر اين اساس به به روش انتقال حرارت بين هوا و سيال دقت كرد مي توان چنين استنباط كرد كه به علت انتقال حرارت جابجايي اجباري بين هواي محيط و ديوار خارجي لوله هايي كه سيال در آن جريان دارد، دماي ديواره كاهش مي يابد. سپس با توجه به انتقال حرارت هدايتي در ديواره لوله هاي انتقال حرارتي بين ديواره داخلي و خارجي رخ مي دهد و در نهايت مجدداً به علت انتقال حرارت جابجايي بين ديواره داخلي لوله و سيال داخل لوله، سيال داخل لوله ها خنك مي شود. باتوجه به مكانيسم هاي انتقال حرارت موجود در فن هايي هوايي مي توان نتيجه گرفت كه ارائه راهكارهاي متفاوت در هر كدام با هدف افزايش انتقال حرارت مي تواند منجر به افزايش بازده اي كولر هاي هوايي گردد. از طرفي ديگر،   منظور از شرايط عملياتي بررسي دور فن هاي گردش هوا، شرايط دمايي و فشاري سيال ورودي به كولر جهت خنك سازي است. البته در تغيير هر كدام از اين پارامترها براي رسيدن به حالت بهينه جهت افزايش راندمان كولرهاي هوايي بايد شرايط عملياتي تجهيزات بالادست و پايين دست را نيز در نظر گرفت.   

Abstract One of the big challenges in architecture schools is the type and manner of teaching architecture and how to form the body of its spaces. This issue is due to insufficient attention to the theories of architecture learning environment and not considering the difference between architecture classes and other disciplines. In addition, the research literature in the world in the last two decades reveals the close relationship between the constructivist educational theory and the type of design problems. University of Fine Arts Campus of Tehran is a latecomer in the city center, which decided to move to borrowed and unrelated buildings due to not having enough space to teach design to students. Therefore, this thesis has tried to deal with the design patterns for the spaces of the Faculty of Architecture by adapting the inherent characteristics of the verb design and construction so that it can meet the current needs of architecture students in the development plan site of Tehran University. Based on this, by organizing the features in the essence of design and construction and matching it with the existing constructivist architecture schools in the world with the help of logical reasoning method, the thesis has obtained a new and innovative system under the title of vocabulary for designing the physical environment of architecture. The findings obtained from logical arguments in the form of about 20 physical characteristics such as persuasiveness, inventiveness, exploration, group, etc. are presented on paper in the form of solutions for the design of architecture faculty spaces, through which it can be used as a source for improving the conditions. Currently, architecture schools across the country have benefited. Key words: design features - construction features - physical environment of the Faculty of Architecture - constructivist learning theorie  

   In the industry, one of the methods of performing the mixing process is the use of equipment called static mixer. This equipment consists of a number of obstacles or fixed elements and causes a distribution mixing of the fluid along the radial and axial direction. In this study, according to the use of static mixer in the process of desalination of crude oil, the experimental set was designed and fabricated to investigate the mixing process of crude oil as the main fluid and process water as the secondary fluid. Experiments were conducted to investigate the mixing process in eight different crude oil and process water flow rates (crude oil from 6 to 20 L/min and process water flow rate from 0.6 to 2 L/min) in the Reynolds number range from 810 to 2697, in order to obtain the required results in the case of not using static mixer elements (empty pipe) and in the case of using three types of mixer elements, such as standard LPD, LPD with holes with D/10, LPD with holes with D/20. All three types of static mixers have 15 mixing elements with diameter of 49.8 mm and a length of 350 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. To examine the quality of mixing from the variance coefficient of five mixing samples at different areas of the static mixer output, and to examine the pressure drop, the pressure in 25 mm before the first element and 25 mm after the last element of each static mixer was used by the pressure sensor that It is connected to a digital display. The results obtained for all different modes of experiments, show that by increasing the amount of Reynolds of the flow, decreasing the variance coefficient (increasing the mixing quality)and increasing pressure drop. Among the tested static mixers, the perforated LPD type with holes with a D/10 has the lowest coefficient of variance (average 0.2%) and the lowest pressure drop (average 2510 Pa). Also, the simulation in the state of without using elements (empty pipe) and static mixer of standard LPD and perforated LPD with holes with a D/10, was done in geometrical and operational conditions such as experimental conditions, and mixing quality parameters and pressure drop were compared using the experimental results and the CFD simulation. Comparison and validation show acceptable agreement of simulation and experimental results. also, the results of the CFD model are presented using existing equations as a pressure drop factor and friction coefficient.    Keywords: mixing process, static mixer, coefficient of variance, pressure drop, CFD simulation, friction coefficient

Unsaturated polyester resin is widely used in the composite industry. Addition of particles to unsaturated polyester resin improves thermal, physical-mechanical properties.The use of particles such as graphene, due to its special properties, is widely used in a variety of composites as a resisting and reinforcing agent. In this research, different particles such as graphene, graphene oxide and alumina in different weight percentages have been used to investigate the changes in thermal and physical-mechanical properties of polyunsaturated resin. According to studies, graphene, graphene oxide and alumina have had positive effects on the properties of resins.Thermal conductivity was obtained for samples with different weight percentages containing magnetic graphene oxide, magnetic graphene and alumina.The thermal conductivity of the samples in the cooked state and fully networked in different fluxes (1.024, 2.07, 3.024) watts has been investigated. It was observed that by adding a small amount of particles, the thermal conductivity increases compared to pure resin. It has also been shown that with the addition of magnetic oxide graphene, magnetic graphene and alumina, the thermal conductivity has also increased.The rate of increase in thermal conductivity varies depending on the amount of particles added to the resin. But the highest increase in thermal conductivity is related to magnetic graphene oxide 0.3%. The results obtained from DMA test showed that by adding particles to unsaturated polyester resin due to gravitational interactions between the resin surface functional group and OH functional group on the surface of magnetic graphene and magnetic graphene and thus creating a covalent bond. Strong modulus of storage increased compared to pure resin The first chapter introduces the structure of unsaturated polyester resin and the structure of the particles used and their properties.In the second chapter, according to previous studies, reports on mechanical and thermal properties are presented. Chapter 3 describes the synthesis of graphene oxide, how to convert graphene oxide to graphene, the synthesis of iron and how the particles are magnetized, as well as the tests performed. In the fourth chapter, the results of thermal test and DMA are analyzed in general.

  Abstract

در دهه­هاياخير، فرآيندآپارتمان­نشيني و ســرعت ســاخت مســكن امروزي موجب توجه كمتر به كيفيت فضاهاي زندگيو درنتيجه، نارضايتي ساكنين آن­ها شده­است. دراين ميان، يكي از عواملي كه در كاهش سطح كيفي مســكنامروزي نقش داشته،غفلت از فضاهاي نيمه­باز است. اين فضاها از ديرباز در معماري مسكوني ايران به­عنوانفضاي ارتباط دهنده­ي بيرون و درون، بستر مناسبي را براي بروز رفتارهاي جمعي فراهمكرده­اند كه در ايجاد احساس رضايت افراد از محيط مسكوني خود نقش داشته­­اند. مانندايوان، مهتابي، رواق، طارمي و ... . اما متأسفانه امروزه حضور آن­ها در محيط­هايمسكوني كمرنگ شده­است­، به طوريكه حتي در برخي از فضاهاي مسكوني، ما شاهد نبود آن­هاو يا حضور بدون استفاده از آن­ها هستيم. ازطرفي، تحليل پيشينه­ي نظري موضوع، نشان­دهنده­ينقش مؤثر فضاهاي نيمه­باز بر كيفيت محيط زندگي و رفتار ساكنين است. همچنين تحقيقاتنشان مي­دهد كه احياء عوامل مؤثر بر بهبود كيفيت فضاهاي نيمه­باز، سبب افزايش حضورساكنين در اين فضاها مي­گردد. بنابراين بررسي و تحليل فضاهاي نيمه­باز،جهت استخراج رفتارهاي متناظر در آن­ها درراستاي بهبود كيفيت زندگي، امري ضرورياست. درنتيجهبا توجه به ضرورت مسئله، پايان­نامه­ي حاضر به­دنبال يافتن پاسخ اين سؤال است كه "فضاهاي نيمه­باز خانه چه كيفيت­هاي زندگي را مي­توانندفراهم كنند و در مسكن امروزي چگونه مي­توان كيفيت­هاي ارائه­­شده در فضاهاي نيمه­بازخانه را دوباره احياء كرد؟" براي يافتن پاسخ اين سؤال، روش تحقيق كيفي كه در آن فرضيه­اي مشخص وجود ندارد و نتايج از درون خود پژوهش بدست مي­آيند، انتخاب شده­است­.بدين صورت­ كه وجوه مؤثر كالبدي فضاهاي نيمه­باز كه سبب بروز رويدادهاي مثبت زندگيدر اين فضا مي­شود، مشخص مي­گردد. اين وجوه برمبناي رويكرد نظريه­ي زمينه­اي ازطريق مصاحبه­­ي باز و عميق با افرادي كه زندگي در اين فضا را تجربه كرده­اند وخاطرات مثبتي از اين فضا در ذهنشان باقي مانده­است، استخراج مي­گردد. يعني مشخص مي­شود كه چه وجوهي از فضاهاي نيمه­باز روي اينكهرويدادهاي با كيفيت زندگي در اين فضاها نقش ببندند، تأثيرگذار است. درپايان با بهره­گيرياز نتايج بدست­آمده، مجموعه­ي مسكوني در شهر كرمانشاه در قالب گونه­ي آپارتمان­هايكوتاه­مرتبه (ارتفاع ? تا ? طبقه) و با تراكم متوسط (??_??واحد در هر هكتار) طراحي مي­گردد. به اين اميد كه با احيايكيفيت­هاي از دست­رفته­ي فضاهاي نيمه­باز در اين مجموعه، تا جايي كه ممكن است، سطحكيفي محيط مسكوني براي ساير مجموعه­هاي مشابه در شهر كرمانشاه افزايش يابد و سببايجاد حس رضايت براي ساكنين آن­ها شود.  

  Assessing thephenomenon of climate change and its possible consequences on the hydrologicalprocesses of the basin will greatly contribute to the challenges of managersand planners of water resources in future periods. The effect of climate changeis investigated by simulating hydrological processes with a physical model ofrunoff precipitation. Hydrological models provide a framework for examining therelationship between meteorology and water resources. The purpose of this studyis to investigate surface runoff using climate change models and SWAT model. Inthis study, the runoff in Pol-e-Shah hydrometric station was first investigatedand using the swat cup software, the statistics of the relevant hydrometricstation and using the sufi2 optimization algorithm, the parameters affectingthe flow and flow rate were calibrated and extracted. Correlation andNash-Sutcliffe values 0.75 and 0.79 were extracted for calibration interval and0.71 and 0.61 for validation. Then, in order to study the statistical indicesof rainfall and temperature under the influence of climate change using larsWG6software and using hadgem and miroc5 climate models under diffusion scenariosof 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5, exponential microscale action and extraction ofprecipitation and temperature data for statistical length 2020 to 2080.Finally, in order to obtain the effect of climate change on runoff, swatsoftware was implemented under each of the scenarios of climate models inrelation to the statistical length of different periods and the diagramsobtained from model runoff changes to simulate runoff discharge on averagemonthly with Climate data were compared and showed a decrease and increase inrunoff in some months of the year.keywords: Runoff - SWAT - lars WG6- Climate change – Pol-ShahBasin- - Climate models - HADGEM2 and MIROC5

   Bitumen as an adhesive in asphalt mixtures has many weaknesses in its structure, and although it forms a small amount of asphalt mixtures, it has a decisive effect on its properties. Weakness in the bitumen structure can accelerate the occurrence of various failures, including rutting in the passage of the wheels, asphalt bleeding and cracking. Thermal cracks are the main cause of pavement failure in cold regions, which leads to several problems, including reduced safety of road users and reduced service life of roads. Therefore, the need to modify the chemical properties of bitumen adhesives and the use of modifiers in these areas can be justified.FractureMechanics Quantitatively describe the failure process in a crack-containing specimen and its growth process, and generally examine the germination and crack growth in brittle materials. Research shows that the cause of these fractures is defects such as fine cracks, the presence of which causes structural failure at stresses less than the stresses designed for the material.Inthis study, the effect of two modifiers, GO and LDPE, on the fracture toughness of hot mix asphalt in mode II loading has been investigated by performing three-point bending test at temperatures of 0 and -10 ° C. Resistance and Marshall modulus experiments were performed on the optimal percentage of additives in the three-point bending test and the control sample, and the results of these two experiments were used for economic and environmental analysisBased on the obtained results, the use of GO and LDPE at both temperatures and for all percentages used, improves K??C   compared to the control sample. The economic analysis shows that LDPE is economical and GO is uneconomical. Reduction of emissions of environmental pollutants was also calculate for different stages of asphalt mixture production

Copper is a critical mineral that, in optimal concentration, has a significant role in the health and quality of life of living beings. But at the same time, its deficiency or extra amount causes dysfunction of body's vital organs. So the Copper’s concentration measurement is an essential issue in the water safety monitoring field. As recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the maximum allowable concentration of Cu2+ ions in drinking water is 1.5 mg / l. Conventional concentration measurement methods generally require professional performance and access to expensive tools. It shows the importance of developing low-cost, simple, and efficient methods for measuring copper ion concentrations. The use of microfluidic devices is a good option for analytical experiments due to its speed in analysis, reduction of sample consumption, reagents, solvents, and less waste generation. However, high production costs are an essential obstacle to the widespread use of these devices globally. The use of threads used in the textile industry can be considered as an effective solution to solve this problem. This study aimed to achieve a suitable geometry for microfluidic and find a suitable thread with fluid transfer capability to recognize copper ions. In this regard, by performing various experiments in several stages to investigate the micro-mixing due to the deformation of microfluidics based on different yarns with acid and base solutions, macro mixing with food colors, and finally, the detection of copper ions based on the color change resulting from the reaction of Potassium iodide with copper ions using a T-shaped microfluid based on nylon 66 grade 1880 denier yarn has investigated.Finally, through the reaction of copper with potassium iodide, microfluidic geometry's effect on the rate of fluid advancement in the mixing channel and the quality of fluid mixing based on polyester yarns have been investigated. The investigation results of the thread grade (microfluid channel diameter) change effect on the rate of fluid progress in this study show a direct relationship between increasing thread diameter and the rate of fluid progress. However, this increasing trend is not continuous, and with increasing the yarn grade from 1670 to 2200 deniers, the length of fluid advancement in the mixing channel decreased. In the experiment of double twist Nylon 6 and Nylon 66 yarns with grades 940, 1400, and 1880 Deniers in three types of microfluidics with T, ? and Y-shaped geometries, it was observed that the highest rate of progress has occurred in microfluid with double twist 1880 Denier Nylon 66 yarn. Then, using the reaction of potassium iodide with copper ion, polyester yarns with different scores in three types of microfluidic geometry were investigated, and the microfluid ?-shape still had the highest fluid advancement. In the process of investigating the effect of changes in the concentration of acidic and basic solutions on the rate of fluid advancement, it observed that with increasing concentration of solutions, the length of fluid progress in the mixing channel decreases, and the highest fluid advancement occurs in microfluid with T-shaped geometry. However, the double twisted Nylon 66 yarn, grade 1880, still has the highest rate of advancement. Finally, using a T-shaped microfluid based on nylon 66 yarn, grade 1880 denier, the color change resulting from potassium iodide with copper ion reaction was used to identify the Cu2+ ion. The first color change was observed when using a copper solution with a concentration of 0.002 M, and gradually with a gradual increase in concentration, different colors are observed.   

Abstract: Today, the use of satellite imagery in predicting flow rate In situs stations is of considerable importance. In the present study, a new technique based on artificial intelligence models for predicting satellite signals (S) is presented, which with the introduction of a new indicator called PS, the problem of imitation of input data is greatly solved. Accordingly, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) model in combination with the two-objective evolutionary optimization algorithm (NSGA-II) for predicting S data is introduced and the proposed model in the present study is named IM. Also in the present paper, the actual values ??of the flow rate at local stations of different rivers are calculated by the soil moisture model and compared with the flow rate values ??obtained from satellite signals. Simultaneous decrease of MSE and PS indices in the proposed IM model has been the subject of the present study, which has been neglected in conventional OM methods in predicting time series. In addition, a typical MLP model is presented in the research to evaluate and compare IM performance. Forecasts have been made for six rivers: White, Red, Missouri, Connecticut, Willamette, and PeeDee. Keyword: Satellite signals, River discharge, Multi-objective optimization, Flood forecasting, Soil moisture method  

In this thesis, a new analytical model is presented that models low-velocity impact on sandwich beams with glare facesheets and foam core and predicts impact damage. The upper and lower facesheets of the beam under study are composed of several layers of fiber-metal composite of Glare type. The mass and spring model is used to simulate the global deformation of the sheet and the Hertz contact law is used to analyze the crushing of the impact site due to impact. By calculating the elastic energy of the facesheets, the energy expended in the crushing of the core and the work of the external force, the potential energy of the system is calculated and by minimizing it, the contact force is calculated as a function of the crushing of the collision site. The governing equations of the problem are solved numerically-analytically and the contact force, global deformation and crushing of the collision site are calculated as a function of time. Then, to investigate and determine the damage conditions in the composite beam, the threshold forces to create the upper facesheet Delamination (separation of the aluminum layer from the fiber layer) and the threshold force to create debonding (separation of the core from the facesheet) are calculated and the damage conditions been investigated. To validate the analytical model, the results of the analytical model are compared with the results of process simulation with Abaqus software (excluding collision damage). In the next step, the parametric analysis of the analytical model is performed in which the effect of change in mass and impact velocity, the effect of changing the material of facesheets (comparison of composite facesheet with Glare facesheet) and the effect of changing core thickness on contact force and beam displacement are investigated. Finally, the effect of facesheet thickness on the load threshold of laminating and debonding damage has been investigated.   

مدل‌سازي   CFD به عنوان ابزاري قدرتمند براي بهينه‌سازي و مدل‌سازي سيستم‌هاي پيچيده است. با استفاده از مدل CFD اثر پارمترهاي مختلف بر اندازه ذرات و توزيع آن‌ها بررسي مي‌شود. ازكاربردهاي نتايج پايان‌نامه توزيع اندازه ذرات در همان مكان‌هايي كه در اندازه‌گيري‌هاي تجربي موجود در اسپري انجام شده‌است، مي‌باشد. و همچنين روشي را براي بهبود توانايي كدهاي ديناميكي سيالات محاسباتي (CFD) براي مدل‌سازي مكانيسم‌هاي اتمايزيشن مايع كه با عث كاهش هزينه و افزايش راندمان شود، ارائه مي‌دهد.حمل دارو در مباحث پزشكي و داروسازي همواره از اهميت بالايي برخوردار بوده است. به دليل خاصيت تخريب پذيري نانوذرات پليمري داروهاي حمل شده توسط اين پليمرها به طور كنترل شده‌اي در سيستم‌هاي بيولوژيكي آزاد شده   و سبب افزايش اثرگذاري دارو در بدن مي‌شوند. انتقال و جدايش دارو به شدت تحت تاثير اندازه ي نانوذرات و پلي ديسپرسيتي(توزيع اندازه ي ذرات) است تا بدين وسيله دارو درون كپسولي احاطه شود.همچنين اين پايان‌نامه در سيستم‌هاي توليد نانو ذرات با استفاده از اتمايزر و فيلم ريزان از جمله دارورساني هدفمند كه براي آن توزيع اندازه ذرات قابل كنترل باشد، كاربردي است.  هدف از اين كار ارزيابي تكنيك‌هاي مختلف براي مدل‌سازي اتمايزيشن سيستم توليد نانوذرات براي تكميل اندازه‌گيري‌هاي تجربي قبلي است. همچنين مي‌توان به طراحي روش تلفيقي جديد براي توليد اين نانوذرات با توزيع اندازه يكنواخت اشاره كرد. و همچنين روشي را براي بهبود توانايي كدهاي ديناميكي سيالات محاسباتي (CFD) براي مدل‌سازي مكانيسم‌هاي اتمايزيشن مايع ارائه مي‌دهد.نبولايزر  وسيله‌اي براي رساندن دارو به قسمت‌هاي مختلف دستگاه تنفس از طريق استنشاق مي‌باشند، اين درمان بخصوص در وضعيت‌هايي مانند  برونشيت  و  آسم  شديد بسيار مؤثر هستند و به دليل سريع بودن تأثير دارو و جلوگيري از تأثير دارو بر بافت‌هاي ديگر بدن بسيار مورد توجه مي‌باشد.نبولايزرها به دو گروه كلي مكانيكال Homemade) ، Soft mist inhaler و( Human powered nebulizer   و الكتريكال Vibrating mesh technology) ، Vibrating mesh technology و اولتراسونيك ( تقسيم بندي مي‌شوند: -  پنوماتيك (فعال شده توسط هواي فشرده): جهت رساندن ذرات نبولايز شده دارو به برونش‌ها، بايداين اجزاء به اندازه‌هاي حداقل 5 تا 10ميكرون تبديل شوند.-  تكنولوژي مش كپ (Vibrating meshtechnology): براي تأثير بر برونشيول‌ها به اندازه 2 تا 6 ميكرون كوچك شوند.اولتراسونيك (Ultrasonic wave nebulizer): درصورتيكه اين دارو به ذرات حدود نيم تا دو ميكرون تبديل شوند بر  آلوئولها  اثر خواهند گذاشت. كوچك شدن اندازه ذرات دارو بستگي به نوع دارو و جايگاه اثرآن‌ها خواهد داشت لذا از تكنولوژي‌هاي مختلف براي نبولايز استفاده مي‌شود.تئوري فيلم مايع ريزان به حركت سيال در مجاورت سطح جامد گفته مي‌شود كه در اين تئوري حركت سيال درهم بوده و انتقال جرم از سطح جامد به سيال صورت مي‌گيرد. در اين تئوري فرض مي‌شود كه تغييرات غلظت در يك لايه خيلي نازك صورت مي‌گيرد. در خارج از اين لايه غلظت ثابت است و درون اين لايه جريان آرام و انتقال از طريق نفوذ صورت مي‌گيرد. انتقال دارو از طريق نانوذرات و با استفاده از فرمولاسيون خاص، از پرطرفدارترين حوزه‌ها در نانوتكنولوژي محسوب مي‌شود. با گذر از ميكروذرات به نانوذرات (ذراتي با ابعاد 1 تا 100 نانومتر)، تغييراتي در برخي خواص فيزيكي اتفاق مي‌افتد كه افزايش نسبت سطح به حجم و ورود اندازه ذره به قلمرو اثرات كوانتومي از موارد مهم آن هستند. يكي از روش هاي معمول صورت گرفته جهت توليد نانوذرات، روش ژلاسيون يوني است. در اين روش يك برهم‌كنش الكتروستاتيكي بين گروه آمين پروتونه شده در مولكول نانوذره و يك گروه آنيوني، موجب تشكيل نانوذرات مي‌شود. در تحقيقات صورت گرفته با استفاده از روش ژلاسيون يوني، براي بررسي اندازه و مرفولوژي نانوذرات، پارامترهاي زيادي از جمله وزن مولكولي نانوذره، نسبت وزني (غلظت) نانوذره به عامل آنيوني ، PH و...مورد بررسي قرار گرفته‌است.

In this study, simulation of solar chimney thermal performance in the presence of phase change material (PCM) as thermal energy storage by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at two thermal powers 1200 W and 800 W for melting process in closed and open heating states and freezing process in Closed and open channels were examined. In closed heating mode, in order to store energy, thermal power is applied by the PCM, and in open channel mode, the heated air is transferred to the environment by thermal evacuation. In order to perform fluid dynamics analysis, the performance of the device with PCM has been investigated using Comsol software. The solar chimney studied in this project consists of three main parts including: PCM chamber, absorber plate and air duct. According to the definition, first the thermal energy is transferred to the fluid and the adsorbent plate and consequently the PCM and also the heat input leads to an increase in the temperature of the fluid inside the duct and is converted into kinetic energy and as a result the fluid flows into the chimney. And causes heat transfer to the environment. The geometry of the solar chimney device is designed with the actual dimensions of the chimney made in the reference. In the next step a PCM system was used. These materials have been used to improve heat transfer inside the solar chimney and have been simulated by CFD. Parameters such as the velocity of the fluid entering the channel, the thermal conductivity of the absorber plate and the thermal conductivity of the PCM have a great effect on the melting time of the PCM and also the specific heat capacity and latent heat of the PCM on energy storage. It affects. The results of simulation of the process of melting the PCM showed that by applying the power of 1200 W of closed and open heating, the time required for melting is 3 hours and 10 minutes and 4 hours and 30 minutes respectively, while in the experimental study these values It is 3 hours, 4 hours and 15 minutes, respectively. Also, the freezing time in the simulation in closed and open air channel mode is 7 hours and 40 minutes, 6 hours and 30 minute   respectively, while in the experimental study, these values ??are 7 hours and 10 minutes, 6 hours and 20 minutes. The outlet temperature of the solar chimney in the simulation is 1200 W in heating mode depending on 69 °C, which is 71 °C in the experimental work. Also at 1200 W in open heating mode the output temperature in the simulation is 51 °C and this value is 49 °C in the experimental study. According to the simulated and laboratory results, it is evident that the PCM system increases the temperature of the exhaust air to heat the environment. Comparison of these results with experimental data confirms the accuracy of this analysis.   

Abstract Today, the use of solar collectors in the form of renewable energy has been considered due to limited fossil resources and high cost and environmental pollution. In the present study, the performance of the Evacuated Tube Collector was studied using computational fluid dynamics. Thus, and 0.5% as well as changing the position of the Evacuated Tube Collector in the effect of CuO, Al2O3, TiO2 and Ag nanofluids in volume percentages of 0.25 five angles between 10 , 80, equations are analyzed using the Simple algorithm and the Boussinesq are investigated. meshing was performed by Gambit software version 2.4.6 and fluid dynamic modeling was performed by Ansys Fluent 15 software. Fluid flow other places and in the upper half of the collector or the condenser pipe approximation. The results of velocity and temperature inside the collector showed that the flow velocity in the middle of the collector is higher than inside the tank is slightly weaker and in the lower half of the collector ortemperature is maximum and reaches about 370 K. The values ??of average the evaporator absorber pipe is very weak. In such a way that heat exchange is done through almost zero displacement and most of the heat transfer is done through thermal conduction. Also, in the lower half of the collector, theis below 0.1 m / s. The results of changing the angle of the collector on its temperature and velocity of flow inside the collector are a function of changes in radiation flux during the day, so that these values ??are maximum in the middle of the day and minimum during the morning and evening. The maximum speedtank in relation to increasing the angle of the vacuum tube solar collector are performance showed that the flow velocity inside the collector increased with increasing angle, so that the flow velocity at an angle of 80 degrees was twice that of an angle of 60 degrees. However, the temperature changes of the storagethe effect of CuO, Al2O3, TiO2 and Ag nanofluids on the collector performance first increasing and then decreasing, so that the increase of temperature in the angles of 10 and 80 degrees has the lowest values. It was observed that at an angle of 40 degrees between the increase in temperature is higher than the other angles and therefore this angle is the best possible. Investigation ofrespectively, TiO2 nanoparticles in volumetric percentages of 0.25 and 0.5 showed that nanoparticles have an increasing effect on tank temperature, so that for CuO nanoparticles in volume percentages of 0.25 and 0.5%, respectively, an increase of 0.43% and 0.59%, respectively. Al2O3 nanoparticles in volume percentages of 0.25 and 0.5 percent increased by 0.85 and 1.21 percent, percent increased by 0.03 and 0.07 percent, respectively, and Ag nanoparticlestherefore the best nanoparticles were selected. in Volume percentages of 0.25 and 0.5 percent increase of 1.11 and 1.52percent, respectively. The results showed that TiO2 nanoparticles had the leasteffect and Ag had the most effect on increasing the tank temperature and Keywords: Solar Collector, Numerical Method, Nanofluid,Collector Angle, Ansys Fluent   

Among the various biopolymers, chitosan, besides having the highest absorption capacity, is of great importance because it is biodegradable, pH sensitive, natural, biocompatible and non-toxic. Has mucous membranes inside the body and delivering medicinal compounds to different parts of the body. It also has anti-fungal and antibacterial effects. There are different ways to prepare chitosan nanoparticles. Ionic crosslinking is one of these methods based on ion interactions between the positive charge of chitosan amine groups and the negative charge of the polyionic groups and forms a complex and the chitosan precipitates in the form of spherical particles. Advantages of this method include non-use of organic solvents, mild reaction conditions (ambient temperature), repeatability and high stability of nanoparticles.In this study, chitosan nanoparticles were produced by using a combination of atomizer and falling film based on ion bonding between chitosan amine groups with sodium tripolyphosphate anionic group. The purpose of the design of the falling film system was to increase the contact surface of the two solutions when synthesized to form suitable and highly stable nanoparticles. The order of the experiments was that first, the hydrodynamic study of the atomizer output droplets with different flow rates from the liquid and the gas was performed and the optimum flow rates for the liquid was determined and was considered constant in all tests. In the second experiment, the size, polydispersity index (PdI) and morphology of chitosan nanoparticles produced under different parametric conditions were investigated and the optimum conditions were determined. Parametric conditions included concentration of chitosan, concentration of sodium tripolyphosphate, atomizer distance to inclined plate, air flow rate and pH of chitosan solution. The inclined surface angle was also a parameter of the problem, but after some investigation, a constant value was considered. Finally, the results showed that the system is capable of producing nanoparticles in a spherical shape with appropriate size and uniform distribution.  

   اجكتور[1]، وسيله اي است كه قادر مي باشد با ايجاد خلاء جريان گاز ، مايع و يا جامد را انتقال دهد، در واقع اجكتور نوعي پمپ خلاء با اين تفاوت كه اساس كار آن بر پايه تبديل انرژي سرعتي و فشاري به يكديگر است، مي باشد. با توجه به ذخائر گاز طبيعي جهان و اينكه بخش اعظم گازهاي مذكور حاوي سولفيد هيدروژن[2]   بوده و به اصطلاح ترش مي باشند. در اين پژوهش، اجكتور موجود در واحد بازيافت و توليد گوگرد پالايشگاه گاز ايلام مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است، پس از بررسي شرايط عملياتي اجكتور مورد نظر و همچنين اطلاعات فرآيندي پالايشگاه مربوطه، با استفاده از مفاهيم و روابط ترموديناميك مناسب هندسه كامل اجكتور محاسبه و مشخص گرديد، سپس با استفاده از نرم افزار انسيس[3] و شبيه سازي   CFD قسمت هاي مختلف اجكتور، براي رسيدن به بازدهي ارائه شده توسط شركت سازنده تجهيز و بهبود عملكرد اجكتور مورد نظر، شرايط عملياتي جديد بهره برداري اجكتور موجود در پالايشگاه گاز ايلام محاسبه گرديد و   با اين شرايط ، اجكتور مورد نظر از مكش كافي برخوردار خواهد بود. [1]Ejector [2]H2S [3]Ansys اجكتور[1]، وسيله اي است كه قادر مي باشد با ايجاد خلاء جريان گاز ، مايع و يا جامد را انتقال دهد، در واقع اجكتور نوعي پمپ خلاء با اين تفاوت كه اساس كار آن بر پايه تبديل انرژي سرعتي و فشاري به يكديگر است، مي باشد. با توجه به ذخائر گاز طبيعي جهان و اينكه بخش اعظم گازهاي مذكور حاوي سولفيد هيدروژن[2]   بوده و به اصطلاح ترش مي باشند. در اين پژوهش، اجكتور موجود در واحد بازيافت و توليد گوگرد پالايشگاه گاز ايلام مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است، پس از بررسي شرايط عملياتي اجكتور مورد نظر و همچنين اطلاعات فرآيندي پالايشگاه مربوطه، با استفاده از مفاهيم و روابط ترموديناميك مناسب هندسه كامل اجكتور محاسبه و مشخص گرديد، سپس با استفاده از نرم افزار انسيس[3] و شبيه سازي   CFD قسمت هاي مختلف اجكتور، براي رسيدن به بازدهي ارائه شده توسط شركت سازنده تجهيز و بهبود عملكرد اجكتور مورد نظر، شرايط عملياتي جديد بهره برداري اجكتور موجود در پالايشگاه گاز ايلام محاسبه گرديد و   با اين شرايط ، اجكتور مورد نظر از مكش كافي برخوردار خواهد بود. [1]Ejector [2]H2S

  This study experimentally investigates heat transfer inside a micro exchanger using some active smooth and coiled inserts. The obtained results were then simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. A 1mm ID micro exchanger was equipped with some inserts either smooth or coiled. The length of the inserts were 6, 9, 12 cm (equal to the length of the micro exchanger) with the cross sectional radius of 0.26 mm. According to resistance of the inserts, different voltages are applied and the relevant electrical powers are transferred to working fluid. The working fluid is silicon oil warmed up contacting with the surface when flowing through the micro exchanger. Amounts of pressure and temperature were measured in inlet and outlet of the micro exchanger under different operating conditions. These operating conditions were three different flow rates 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 ml/min and three different voltages 2, 3, and 4 V, which were applied to the micro exchanger with different inserts, as mentioned above. Four criteria employed to compare the effect of different inserts and operating conditions are performance, enhancement in efficiency, frictional losses, and thermal-hydraulic performance coefficient. In all the conditions, the data were compared to the micro exchanger equipped with the shortest smooth insert under the minimum flow rate and applied voltage. The experimental results obtained by smooth inserts demonstrated that by increasing the length of the insert the performance, enhancement in efficiency, and frictional losses were increased. Increasing the rate of thermal performance was considerably higher than frictional losses, and therefore, the thermal-hydraulic performance coefficient, as consequent of heat transfer and pressure drop, significantly increased. The relevant amount of the above mentioned coefficient for the micro exchanger equipped with the 12 cm smooth insert and 3 V applied voltage were 1.5, 2.7, ad 3.5 respectively for 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 ml/min. In the case of coiled inserts, the thermal-hydraulic performance coefficient were significantly higher than smooth inserts due to increased frictional losses. These amounts were respectively 8.2, 22, 23.5 for 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 ml/min. In the lowest flow rate, 0.5 ml/min, the micro exchanger equipped with the 9 cm insert demonstrated an acceptable thermal-hydraulic performance coefficient, while for higher flow rates the best performance were obtained for 6 cm insert. Under the higher flow rates, the induced turbulences lead to a better heat transfer in short distances. Increasing the length of the inserts induces additional frictional losses which lead to lower thermal-hydraulic performance coefficient. In order to figure out the heat transfer mechanism, A CFD simulation were conducted for all the relevant experimental conditions. The results were reported via different velocity and temperature vectors and contours. In addition, using the predicted amount of temperature and pressure drop in the micro exchanger, the thermal-hydraulic performance coefficients were calculated and compared to experimental data. The comparisons show a good agreement between the experimental and modeling results, the maximum amount of the error were 18.4% .   Keywords: micro exchanger, active inserts, frictional losses, thermal-hydraulic performance coefficient, CFD simulation  

Thermodynamic and Physical Properties Prediction of Natural Gas using AGA8 Standard- Gross Characterization Method and Modifying it with Artificial Intelligent-Based Techniques

  Experimental study and CFD modeling of using inserts in microtubes for heat transfer rate enhancement

Photovoltaic cell performance enhancement using hybrid system /micro channel/phase change material   cooling system

Karoon Petrochemical Co. using toluene and nitric acid, and chlorine gases, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is able to supply a variety of basic petrochemical products, including high value added isocyanates, with good quality and domestic and foreign markets. The company saw decrease in the quality of its products following the change in toluene from the toluene producers. The results of the studies show that the reason for this decline is the presence of impurities in the toluene feed of the Karoon Petrochemical Co. which impurities in the processes of producing petrochemical products have led to the production of undesirable compounds, which has led to a decrease in the quality of Karoon petrochemical products. One of the impurities in toluene is the phenol compounds that should be removed. Among the methods of eliminating the use of the adsorption process due to its inherent advantages as an efficient method in this research has been investigated. In this study, in the first step, experiments involving adsorption of phenol compounds from toluene solution by zeolite 4A, 5A, 13X, P, kaolin, Clinoptilolite (USA), Clinoptilolite (Iran) were 63%, 64%, 85% ,85% 83,% 84%, and 82%, respectively. These results show that the adsorbent used in the P-type zeolite adsorbent had the highest removal of phenol compounds from toluene. In the next step, taking into account the range of changes affecting the adsorption factors, for pH (5-9), contact time (90 to 270 minutes), adsorbent dosage (1 to 5 grams), activate carbon content (0.1 to 0.5 g) for 500 ml of toluene solution. The results of the adsorption experiments indicated by using the design of experiments and central composite design method show that if the factors are economically placed in their optimal amount, they can be considered in the range of consider conditions to 97% of the phenol compounds in toluene Removed.  

هدف اين تحقيق بررسي رفتار انتقال حرارت در ميكرو مبدل با استفاده از دو تكنيك ديناميك سيالات محاسباتي و شبكه عصبي مصنوعي مي باشد. براي اين منظور از داده هاي تجربي موجود در مراجع كه مربوط به نانو سيال اكسيد آلومينيوم – آب درون يك ميكرو مبدل در شرايط اعمال شارهاي گرمايي مختلف به ديواره آن بوده استفاده شده است. ابتدا شبيه سازي CFD در شرايط مربوط به داده هاي آزمايشگاهي انجام شده و مقايسه بين ناسلت پيش بيني شده از شبيه سازي و ناسلت بدست آمده بر مبناي داده هاي تجربي صورت گرفته است. نتايج اين مقايسه گوياي توانايي CFD در پيش بيني رفتار انتقال حرارت توسط نانوسيال در ميكرومبدل مي باشد. در مرحله بعد، شبيه سازي CFD در محدوده شرايط آزمايشگاهي ( كه داده آزمايشگاهي موجود نبوده است) صورت گرفته و از اين نتايج پيش بيني شده همراه با داده هاي تجربي موجود جهت طراحي شبكه عصبي مصنوعي به منظور پيش بيني عدد ناسلت   استفاده شده است. دو شار گرمايي شامل kW/m2 70   و 109 بر ديواره لوله اعمال شده و سه سيال شامل آب خالص و نانوسيال اكسيد آلومينيم- آب در دو كسر وزني % 25/0 و 77/0 به عنوان سيال عامل استفاده شده است. الگوريت هاي مختلف براي طراحي شبكه عصبي مصنوعي پيش بيني ناسلت بر مبناي تلفيق داده هاي آزمايشگاهي و نتايج شبيه سازي CFD مورد بررسي قرار گرفته و در نهايت بهترين شبكه با حداقل خطا براي شرايط مختلف طراحي شده است.

  نفت خام كه از چاه استخراج مي‌گردد در واحد بهره برداري طي چند مرحله با افت فشار مواجه مي شود. در نهايت گاز همراه از آن جدا شده و در صورت عدم وجود واحدي جهت جمع آوري ميعانات گازي سوخته مي شود. اين ميعانات گازي، كه از تركيبات هيدروكربني با ارزشي تشكيل شده اند، در صورت بازيافت و جمع آوري باعث افزايش در آمدهاي حاصله خواهند شد. هيدروكربن هاي تشكيل دهنده ميعانات گازي عمدتا شامل اتان و هيدروكربن هاي سنگين تر مانند پروپان، بوتان و ساير هيدروكربورهاي سنگين، كه بنزين طبيعي نيز ناميده مي شوند، مي باشند. البته درصد هر كدام از اين مواد در ميعانات گازي، بستگي به نوع مخزن، محل آن، عمق مخزن و عوامل ديگر دارد. نفت خام استخراج شده از چاه به دليل اينكه از اعماق زمين به بالا آمده‌ است، در طول مسير بالا آمدن، با خود مقداري شن و ماسه و آب شور را به همراه دارد. از اين رو، قبل از ارسال اين نفت به پالايشگاه‌ ها، جامدات، آب، و گاز همراه با آن در محل هايي كه به مجموعه تأسيسات سرِچاهي شناخته مي‌شوند، توسط دستگاه‌ هايي به نام جداكننده، از نفت جدا مي‌گردند. با توجه به وجود ميعانات گازي در گاز خروجي از تفكيك گرهاي واحد بهره برداري نفت شهر و ارزش اقتصادي بالاي آن جداكردن اين تركيبات بسيار حائز اهميت است. از اين رو پيدا كردن روشي براي جداكردن اين تركيبات سنگين با صرف كمترين انرژي و هزينه از نظر اقتصادي بسيار حائز اهميت مي باشد.ما در اين تحقيق سعي داريم از روشي استفاده كنيم كه مقدار اين جداسازي را با حداقل امكانات به حداكثر رسانده و از دستگاهي با نام لوله ي گردابه اي يا vortex tube استفاده مي كنيم.دستگاه vortex tube يا لوله ي گردابه اي يك دستگاه مكانيكي بسيار ساده فاقد اجزاي متحرك مي باشد و قابليت تنظيم دما را داراست كه جرياني از يك سيال فشرده را در دما و فشار معين از طريق نازل به صورت مماسي دريافت مي كند و شامل يك ورودي و دو خروجي مي باشد كه سيال از قسمت ورودي وارد دستگاه شده و دچار چرخش شده و از دو خروجي سرد و گرم خارج مي شود. سيال گرم در حاشيه ي لوله حركت مي كند و سيال سرد در مركز مي باشد. اغلب در جامعه ي علمي سيال هاي مورد استفاده در vortex tube گازها يا بخارها گزارش شده است اما برانو و Hajdik به طور مستقل از لحاظ تجربي ثابت كرده اند كه مايع ها مي توانند به عنوان بخشي از سيال كار مورد استفاده قرار گيرند و بخش ديگر گاز باشد.

  Low density polyethylene is one of the most expensive raw materials of plastic that isproduced in the high temperature and pressure and by free radical polymerization ofsupercritical ethylene. the very important problem that possible occurs for a tubular reactorproducing low density polyethylene, the fouling of polymer in the inner layer is formed.fouling may be defined as the accumulation of undesirable polymer at the reactor surface thatincrease the resistance to heat transmission and heat transfer rate of ethylene andpolyethylene mixed with coolant flow in jacket of reactor is reduced thus reduces the amountof production. the main priority of this thesis presents a model for the analysis of low densitypolyethylene production by taking fouling on the temperature of reactor inner walls. Themathematical model based on heat transfer equations formed, and to solve the equations of it,the matlab and trial and error method is used. Finally, the inlet and outlet water temperatureof the jacket, the temperature of the inner wall, the conversion of monomers to polymers, thethickness of fouling that formed in the walls and resistance of fouling was calculated for eachtube. Due to the two phase mixture of ethylene and polyethylene formed neare the inner wallfouling is formed. Energy balance on different parts of the reactor and its jacket, was used tocalculate heat transfer and wall temperature. by temperature and pressure near the wall andusing the SRK equation of state, equilibrium data are calculated. The results of this sectionindicate that almost all the flow is formed in the form of a single phase and only in the innerregion where the temperature is sufficiently low, the two phase flow is formed. Therefore inthe reactor pressure,the internal wall temperature is the main parameter for the production offouling. The results of model calculations and its use in optimization of model show thatcooling water temperature is more effective than its mass flow rate in quantity and productquality comparing these results with real data as well as validating the model used.

امروزه يكي از دلايلي كه تحقيقات درباره مايعات يوني را مورد توجه قرار است، يافتن جايگزين مناسبي براي حلال­هاي خطرناك و فرار است كه دوست­دار محيط زيست باشند و در عين حال خواص حلال­هاي متداول را داشته باشند.در اين تحقيق، حذف فلز مس (II) به عنوان يك فلز سنگين از محلول آبي سنتزي با روش ريز استخراج تشكيل حلال در محل (ISFME) به صورت پيوسته در ميكروكانال و هم­چنين در سيستم ناپيوسته با استفاده از مايع يوني 1-هگزيل-3-متيل ايميدازوليوم كلريد انجام شده است. يك ميكروكانال با سه ورودي از جنس پلي­لاكتيك اسيد (PLA) ساخته شد. طول كانال­هاي ورودي 30 ميلي­متر و طول كانال اختلاط برابر230 ميلي­متر است. با توجه به دبي كم جريان هاي ورودي به ميكروكانال، از پمپ سرنگي براي وارد كردن فازهاي آبي و آلي استفاده شد. آناليز نمونه ها قبل و بعد از حذف با استفاده از دستگاه طيف جذب اتمي براي اندازه گيري غلظت مس انجام شد. تأثير پارامترهاي موثر شامل pH محلول در محدوده 9-5، غلظت ليگاند 08/0-02/0 مولار ، زمان ماند در محدوده 72/0-40/0 دقيقه و مقدار مايع يوني در محدوده 150-50 ميلي گرم بر ميزان استخراج مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. طراحي آزمايش با استفاده از نرم افزار Design-Expert 7.0.0 انجام شد و تعداد كل آزمايش­ها براي چهار پارامتر فوق در سه سطح برابر 28 آزمايش در نظر گرفته شد. شرايط بهينه با استفاده از طراحي بر اساس مدل باكس-بنكن (BBD)   بدست آمد. با توجه به نتايج به دست آمده، بيشترين ميزان استخراج فلز مس(%02/95) در 7 = pH، غلظت ليگاند 05/0 مولار، زمان ماند 54/0 دقيقه و مقدار مايع يوني 110 ميلي­گرم بدست آمد. در شرايط بهينه، بازده سيستم پيوسته ميكروكانال با سيستم ناپيوسته مقايسه شد و ميزان بازده سيستم ناپيوسته (%36/98) فقط اندكي بيشتر از سيستم پيوسته (%02/95) بدست آمده در حاليكه زمان در نظر گرفته شده براي سيستم ناپيوسته برابر 7 دقيقه بوده كه بيش از 13 برابر زمان اقامت در سيستم پيوسته بوده است.  

The bulk of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are attributed to buildings. The heating of water required for buildings consumes a considerable amount of energy. As a result, the use of solar water heaters can play an important role both in the storage of fossil fuels and in reducing air pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases. Many factors affect the thermal and economic performance of solar water heater systems. In this thesis, a forced-circulation solar water heater system has been simulated with flat plate collectors as well as a evacuated tube collectors. Given that the performance of solar systems is inherently dynamic and tend to vary over time, simulation has been done dynamically. The main objective of this thesis is to study the effect of hot water consumption patterns on the thermal and economic performance of solar water heaters. In addition, by applying different patterns of water consumption, appropriate values of collector mass flow rate and volume of hot water storage tank are determined based on the achievement of the highest thermal performance of the system. Moreover, the appropriate values of collector area are determined to achieve the most economic performance of the system. The results show that by choosing the consumption pattern that is almost identical to the hourly variations of the solar radiation, compared to other consumption patterns, system achieves the largest annual solar fraction in lower ratio of tank volume to collector area. Furthermore according to the results the hot water consumption patterns can have a significant effect on both the annual life cycle saving and the pay back time of the system. On the other hand, due to the low radiation from 6 to 10 AM and the heat loss of the storage tank over night, the auxiliary energy required during these hours, increases. This, in turn, will increase the cost of energy supply to the auxiliary system as well as the solar systems pay back time. Substitution of hot water consumption patterns with flat plate collectors for those employing evacuated tube collectors might increase the annual life cycle saving to a remarkable extent.

This research discusses photovoltaic cell modeling with two diodes. With respect to the problem parameters and available equations, seven parameters were recognized as unknown parameters. The parameters were determined by descending numerical sequence. A mathematical model was created using governing equations and a model was coded and prepared in MATLAB. The code was validated and the results were compared with the credible works carried out in this field. After being ensured of the validity of the code, different parameters effective in current and power were discussed in a photovoltaic array. Finally, optimization of problem parameters was discussed. To determine the important and effective parameters, the literature was referred to. Studying the literature revealed that most of the studies discussed and optimized the seven parameters to maximize the power generation. Consequently, this study discussed model optimization using the determined parameters, adopting an appropriate change interval, and applying meta-heuristic algorithms. Genetic algorithm and particle swarm algorithm have been used commonly and have been effective in this field. Therefore, the two algorithms were used and their results were presented. The remaining section discusses and evaluates the results.It was concluded form the results for examining radiation parameters that the major parameters on radiation include geographic location, day of year, and ambient temperature. Efficiency and power generation improve with the parameters increasing. Maximum power increases up to 6 times with the amount of radiation increasing from 200 W/m2 to 1000 W/M2. (Figure 1-6 shows the changes.)The study of the amount of radiation on different days of the year determined that the amount of power on the first day of summer was higher because the amount of radiation was maximal. Ambient temperature increases on summer days. The temperature rise improves PV efficiency. Temperature variations from 20 to 40 indicate an increase of power generation from 27 to 83 watts, which represents a 3-fold increase. According to reference [61], it was selected for optimization of parameters and its proportional interval. The results of genetic algorithm show that a maximum power of 74.27 watts could be generated.

  In this study the effect of ferrite particle in magnetic field on force heat transfer enhancement is investigated. For this purpose an experimental rig has been designed. The effect of different external magnetic field is studied. The effect of reciprocate movement of magnetic field on heat transfer enhancement is studied. The results show that using this system an enhancement of between 16.35% - 36.24% are obtained. Finally, the results are expressed in terms of dimensionless numbers.

هدف اصلي اين مطالعه كاهش پرت هگزان در صنعت روغنكشي از دانه روغني سويا مي باشد.بدين منظور سيستم مينرال اويل كه به هدف بازگرداني بخارات متصاعد شده هگزان در محيط   و چگالش آن جهت استفاده مجدد در سيستم مي باشد مورد بازبيني و شبيه سازي قرار گرفت.تست هاي آزمايشگاهي جهت تشخيص ميزان حلال در روغن معدني ،از نوع كروماتوگرافي گازي بوده و نتايج در نرم افزار طراحي آزمايشات چهار فاكتوري -3سطحي بر پايه RSM   پياده و مورد تحليل قرار گرفتند.در اين كار چهار پارامتر موثر بر كاهش اتلاف هگزان شامل تناژ دانه ورودي ، دماي آب ورودي سرد،دماي ستون گرم و دبي سيالات تحت آزمايش مد نظر قرار داده شد.در نهايت بعد از شبيه سازي نتايج   بدست آمده مشخص گرديد كه افزايش تناژدانه و بالا نگه داشتن آن ، پايين نگه داشتن دماي آب ورودي به كندانسور سيستم ،بالا نگهداشتن دماي ستون دفع از طريق بخار زنده در يك رنج مشخص و افزايش دبي سيال جاذب در محدوده مناسب با شرايط عملياتي برج همگي عوامل مثبت در بازيابي بهتر حلال   از روغن معدني هستند.

Nowadays, in the various industries, studies on the use of magnetic water are under way. In this study, by constructing the magnetic water production device, the authors of the results on the water hardness were investigated. By applying magnetic and electromagnetic fields on water, its structure has been changed. In experiments conducted with two different channels of microchannel, the output water after the passage of filter paper for the separation of calcium carbonate has been studied and the results show that factors such as discharge flow, magnetic field intensity and electromagnetic field on the water properties It has direct effect, and less water can be gotten softer water. With magnetic water, without adding chemicals to the water, the sediments on the surfaces in contact with previously formed water are thinned and the formation of new sediment is also prevented.  

This tehsis reports the results of study on micromixing performance of three basic types of spatial shaped micromixers. New configurations of Y-T and ?- spatial shaped microchannels were designed with change in the angles of the confluence and the outlet channel to achieve the efficient micromixing. Such the micromixers offer advantages that are not attainable with the typical types of these mixers. Experimental tests were carried out in the laminar flow regime and the mixing efficiency was evaluated using Villermaux/Dushman test reaction. The geometry of the channels was cylindrical with a length of 30 mm and a diameter of 800mm. The experimental results show that the angle of outlet channel has a significant effect on the pressure drop and segregation index. In general, the results reveal that at various feed flow rates the spatial shape of channels can lead to considerable improvement in micromixing performance. In all Y-T and ?- spatial shaped microchannels, significant enhancement by increasing theconfluence angle was also seen because the fluid elements were stretched and folded in the two inlet fluid interfaces. Furthermore, the micromixing time for the more efficient geometry of three shapes of microchannels was determined based on the incorporation model, which it was in the range of 0.001–0.1s.

  In this study methanol production mechanism is unchanged and methanol production in micro channel has been investigated and modeled just with change in some operation conditions (temperature, pressure and …). A main difference of micro channel than other instruments is that in micro channel can be achieved industrial scale with coupling several micro channels without change in scale of channels. In other word, with adding multiple micro channels together or put them on each other can increase instrument capacity and produce product in industrial scale without change in yield. While in other common industrial instruments maybe the project fail and change yield with increasing scale from pilot to plant. In addition, small scale of reactor has advantage that energy can be delivered better and more effective. In this work, CFD modeling of micro channel for methanol production has been carried out with Gambit and Fluent in heterogeneous conditions. Methanol is produced by syngas feed and Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 coated on wall of micro channel as catalyst. In order to design experiments, has been used design expert software and CCD method. Factor considered in the design of experiments were temperature, pressure, length and radius of reactor and entrance syngas ratio. Except syngas ratio, other parameters have been investigated, quantitatively. Optimum operation conditions were pressure of 80 bar and temperature of 523 K. In these conditions has been obtained maximum methanol production

  This paper introduces design and application of a novel hybrid sun-wind-tracking system. This hybrid system employs cooling effect of wind, beside the advantages of tracking sun for enhancing power output from examined hybrid photovoltaic cell. The principal experiment focuses on comparison between dual-axes sun-tracking and hybrid sun-wind-tracking photovoltaic (PV) panels. The deductions based on the research tests confirm that the overall daily output power gain was increased by more than 49.83%, compared with that of a fixed system. Moreover, an overall increase of about 7.4% in the output power was found for the hybrid sun-wind-tracking over the two-axes sun tracking system.

  This study investigates the effect of nanoclay on the optimization of curing cycle for unsaturated polyester resin of thin-sectioned composite parts. There is no study on curing cycle optimization for unsaturated polyester resin containing nanoclay. Hence, this study may provide insights into this optimization. On the other hand, curing cycle optimization is essential for GRP pipe industry since around 80% of composite pipes are produced by unsaturated polyester resin.Optimization is defined as to find the most appropriate solution in the output of an equation with minimum costs. Parameters including temperature, curing time, and curing degree are of highly significant for curing process. If the temperature is increased and not controlled during the curing process, the decomposition is rendered at the center of the composite part, and, thereby, curing is not completed within the composite part. Furthermore, if the curing time is not controlled, it would lead into high costs. Therefore, the cure cycle should be optimized allowing the curing process to complete in minimum time necessary for achieving an efficient production. In this study, using the genetic algorithm in the MATLAB software, an objective function is considered in order to optimize the curing cycle under defined conditions. In order to investigate the influence of nanoclay on optimization, two samples of unsaturated polyester resin were prepared. One of the samples included nanoclay weighting 1% of nanoclay. DSC measurement was carried out in order to investigate the curing synthetic. Given the influences of the individual parameters on the final curing cycle (weighting factor for the objective function), each samples (i.e., unsaturated polyester resin with and without nanoclay) has been examined in different states in which the presented curing cycle is optimized. Furthermore, two types of two- and three-step cycles have been used for each sample, and their merits and demerits have been discussed. The results of optimization shows that the amount of curing degree for the sample containing nanoclay has been increased in different states whereas the total time of this cure cycle has been decreased due to adding nanoclay to the system. In fact, nanoclay decreases the activation energy of reaction leading into reaction rate increase. It is also observed that nanoclay decreases the pre-exponential factor in the system resulting in reaction rate decrease. However, the amount of reaction rate is increased owning to the reason that the reduction of activation energy is more dominant than pre-exponential factor reduction. It is also concluded that curing temperature level for the thin composite part was decreased and controlled in the desired level. These findings are also observed for the sample containing nanpclay both in two- and three step cycles. Furthermore, it is also observed that third step cycle has presented within a short period of time in comparison to two-step cycle (cycle time). Generally, it could be concluded that curing state is improved due to the presence of nanoclay. In other words, nanoclay decreases the processing time and controlles the temperature level of produced part while its presence increases the final curing degree.    Key words: Nanoclay, Optimization of curing cycle, Unsaturated Polyester resin, Thin-sectioned composite parts, Genetic Algorithm

Gas lift operation is one of the most common artificial lift methods that may be applied to obtain maximum production rate with minimum flowing – bottom hole pressure. The goal of this project is achieved by injecting gas to the wellbore in order to move oil to the surface.We chose gas lift in three wells in East of Baghdad field which located about (20 km) from the center of   aghdad and it extends from east – west to south – east by (100 km) length and (11 km) width.   In this study, a program has been developed using basic programming language to calculate the flowing – bottom hole pressure by using two correlations which are : modified Beggs – Brill and Aziz et ,al.   Gas and oil properties have been studied and the most accurate correlations and methods for prediction of these properties have been selected to use in the calculations. Standing correlation (1981) is use to calculate the oil density while the gas viscosity is calculated by Lee – Gonzalez – Eakin (1966).     Comparison of   the calculated and measured values for the flowing - bottom hole pressure showed that the modified Beggs – Brill give the most accurate results than Aziz .et.al method, therefore modified Beggs – Brill has been used in gas lift design calculations.   The average temperature - compressibility factor method has been used     to calculate gas pressure gradient with the depth. Then, the point of   intersection of this curve with pressure gradient curve calculated by modified Beggs – Brill method, has been used to specify the depth of injection point. Also the injection operation pressure on the surface and its effect on injection point detection for three wells, which is the most important parameter in the gas lift design process, has been studied. The positions and the distances between valves have been determined by using rules of graphical method.   The results showed that the gas injection rate for wells No.(10,11) are     (15 MMSCF/DAY) to give maximum production rate of (3430 STB/DAY) , (2970 STB/DAY) with minimum flowing – bottom hole pressure (4287 psi) , (4105 psi) ,respectively. Also the maximum injection rate for the well No.(19) is of   (7 MMSCF/DAY) with flow rate (3512 STB/DAY) and flowing – bottom hole pressure (4187 psi). current production rate for wells (10,11,19) are (2450,2100,3100) STB/DAY respectively.This study suggests exploitation of associated gas in East Baghdad oilfield to be cycled to lift oil as an artificial lift method.   The present work includes using PIPSIM software to build a model of studied vertical wells, producing from Tanumma formation, (WH1-11T, WH2-12T, WH3-19T) after choosing the suited correlation for each well. According to the statistical results, Mukherjee & Brill correlation is the best option for these wells.Gas lift design was done after studying gas lift performance-curves, which show the change of production with many parameters (gas injection rate, injection depth, and water cut). The result of this analysis is considered as a base of   gas lift design which include determining the optimum injection gas rate, the optimum injection pressure, the depth of injection and the valve technical specifications.According to the constraints (the min. allowable pressure for designing is limited by bubble pressure and maximum production by water Injection currently used in field), the required flow rate has been achieved by using gas lift. A simplified economic analysis of using two methods (gas lift & water injection) for 12 years, showed the superiority of gas lift option.   Finally, by using optimization techniques can improve the decision making process in gas allocation for continuous flow gas lift systems in East Baghdad Oilfields.